Chapter Summary of Guns Germs and Steel

1. How humans came into existence was talked about along with the major advances in the world’s development. It is proven that humans did evolve from monkeys in Africa. There is some arguments around if there were pre-Clovis people or not, but James Diamond says evidence would’ve been found by now. 2. The Maori and Moriori are the descendants of the Polynesians. Because they had a larger and denser population, the Maori people were more technologically advanced with more complex societies and technology. Smaller populations only make things when there is an actual need.3. There was a big population shift in North America when the Europeans colonized America and almost eliminated the Native American population. The Spanish conquistadors were Christians, who used God as their reasoning behind actions. So, when the Incan emperor and heir died of small pox, the Spanish used their communication skills to easily defeat the Incas. 4. The production of food is very important to a successful society, because food means more people. Domesticating animals also comes with its benefits such as: milk, meat, tools, labor, and transportation.For example horses were used in warfare. 5. There was a discussion revolving around why well off areas didn’t do food production. The earliest places that did adopt food productions were: Iraq, Mexico, and the Andes. 6. Ancient farming often had many diseases associated with it along with malnourishment and younger deaths. Usually people would do a combination of hunter gathering and farming. Mainly the only people who would not survive are the ones who could not farm because of geographical reasons. 7. Wild plants became crops through genetic modifications.For the purpose of reproduction, tasty plants had bitter seeds, so animals wouldn’t eat the seeds. 8. This chapter discussed why the Fertile Crescent thrived as well as it did. Three possible answers could be: the climate, self-pollination, and the ancestor c rops. The beginning of the chapter also talks a lot about why some locations used agriculture and some did not. There were many theories to this question. 9. The definition of a domesticated animal is: an animal selectively bred in captivity and thereby modified from its wild ancestors, for use by humans who control the animal’s breeding and food supply.Elephants and zebras are both capable of being domesticated, but no one has been successful at it yet. The most successfully domesticated animals have all come from Eurasia. 10. The axis and Earth’s rotation have an affect on the continent. Trade tends to move farther east and west, because they share the same day length, diseases, seasons, and climate. 11. Germs and infections had a huge affect on crops and animals. People develop immunity to certain diseases. Sometimes though infections can spread very slowly, which makes it act more effectively because no one discovers it.12. The ability to write and its importance w as discussed in this chapter. A societies comprehension is shown through its writing. A writing system has three basic parts: a sound, syllable, and word. The basic structures for many writing systems were based off The Sumerians and the Mesoamerican people. 13. Diamond says that there are a few parts for an invention to be used and wanted. It has to have an economic advantage and match the interest of society. It also must have social significance. 14. This chapter talks about the organization of a society.There are many levels of organization. The levels are: a band, tribe, chiefdom, state, and kleptocrat. The chapter discusses what each one was and talks about the roles of each one along with its strengths and weaknesses. 15. Even though Australia had some of the best technology, it didn’t ever attack Europe. Australia was known to isolate itself along with New Guinea. New Guinea was geographically isolated and progressed slowly for a few reasons. For example: their crops didn’t have significant protein and there were no diseases to keep intruders out. 16.China stayed very isolated and unified politically. Language was also discussed. Language changes and evolves into different languages, because when people invade the area they bring their own words and phrases that then become part of the local language. 17. A language that did not change was Polynesia’s. This has an unknown reason why. The Austronesians did have the largest population expansion in the last 6000 years. They attacked New Guinea and killed the majority of the New Guineans. 18. Eurasia did not successfully take over all the Native Americans.The Eurasians were use to working with domesticated animals, but there were not many domesticated animals there. Even though they couldn’t really use the animals, with the use of guns, germs, and steel the Eurasians had a huge advantage over the Native Americans. 19. Africa is predominately black for the reason that the black p eople owned the largest area. The black farmers attacked the Pygmy homeland and took their language. They also did this to the Khoisans. Africa didn’t domesticate animals until much later.

Human Factor In The Aircraft Cabin Essay

The term â€Å"Human factor† has grown increasingly popular as the commercial aviation industry has realized that human error, rather than mechanical failure, underlies most accidents and incidents. Human factor involves gathering information and putting it into practice to produce safety, comfort and effective human use. This is then translated into design, training policies and procedures to help humans perform better. The issues on safety should be addressed by ensuring proper and effective communication strategies. Also the ability of the flight crew to maintain situation awareness which involves being aware of what is happening around and understand how information is to be put into action. Pilots should be well trained to handle and monitor flight automation and instruments to prevent confusion and errors during take-off and landing. Disciplinary measures should also be emphasized to avoid situations like drinking or neglecting duties. It is important to go over safety and emergency checklists to ensure emergency equipments and other features specific to the aircraft type are in order and report to the pilot after the preflight check. Before takeoff, unserviceable or missing items must be reported and rectified. The cabin must be monitored for unusual smell or situations and maintain precaution like keeping door locked while fueling. The crew should assist with the loading of baggage, check for size and dangerous goods. They then must do a safety demonstration and monitor passengers as they walk them through the safety procedures, and also secure the cabin by ensuring tray tables are stowed, seats are in upright position and seatbelts are fastened before takeoff. The key role of the flight attendant should be safety provision and provide a care giving and customer service to passengers. Presentation and personal appearance is important to inspire passenger confidence. The crew flight attendants are expected to be dressed well and be friendly. Human factor specialists should ensure the sidewalls are analyzed and improved for increased passenger comfort as well as modification of the in-flight entertainment system. The In-flight Service Manager (ISM) and Customer Service Manager (CSM) should report when the cabin is secure for takeoff and landing. This ensures proper management and safe effective operation during both normal and emergency conditions.

Social media effects on social & personal behaviors Research Paper

Social media effects on social & personal behaviors - Research Paper Example Increased use of social media in the education will improve students’ social and personal behaviors. Social media is the new mode of communication as well as education. Students of all ages and levels of education have been deeply engrossed with using the different social media to carry out research on school assignments and to communicate with their fellow classmates and their professors. The professors and tutors are also using the platforms to contact their students as far as educational matters are concerned. The continued use of the social media has led to more positive changes in the social and personal behaviors of the students than the negative ones and the research findings indicates that more positive effects can influence the use of social media. It is important to look into more detail about these positive and negative effects of social media use in education because its use is on the increase. Addressing these issues will enable those in the educational field to g et tips on how to engage their students more efficiently and effectively, as well as to assist students to interact and to enhance their classroom skills. Positive effects will be collaborative interaction, communicate with an instructors and peers, and create positive environment in school, whereas the negative effects will include cyber-bullying, stalking, and creating a negative environment in education.

A Bakery in Downtown, New Delhi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Bakery in Downtown, New Delhi - Essay Example The preliminary research has revealed that there are very few bakeries in the populated areas of New Delhi and hence, the competitive edge of the bakery would be its location inviting a lot of pedestrian traffic on a daily basis. The main customers of the bakery would be office going youngsters and students who like mobile food and snacks and have a preference for Western origin food more than their local origins. The initial setup cost of the bakery including the construction, rentals, machinery, raw material, etc. is around $ 76,000, which is an estimate calculated from the data of bakeries of similar capacity. New Delhi hosts majority of the Indian elite and average income people, and investing in a bakery that has numerous future prospects seems like an investment that is worthwhile. Moreover, bakery items have long changed their place from that of being luxury commodities and have now become necessities. Therefore, opening a bakery in downtown New Delhi would prove to be an extr emely profitable venture with the rising share of the bakery industry. The Gantt chart of the project shows that it would take the bakery more than two months approximately starting from research up until its launch. Project Description The objective of the project is to set up a small bakery that sells hot breads, rolls, cakes, etc. ... The bakery would host products such as freshly baked breads, rolls, muffins, various cakes, biscuits, sandwiches, and other similar bakery items. The star product of the bakery would be different kinds of hot freshly made breads baked continuously during the day as ordered. The bakery would also setup tables and chairs in its premises to provide seating facility to the customers. It would also have attractive packaging for takeaways and gifts. Market study has revealed that food business, specifically bakeries, restaurants, and other similar outlets suffer less even in the time of recession. Moreover, the business are easy to setup and not a lot of technical expertise is necessary. The revenue model of such a venture is also very simple and the risk involved is not very high, typically for investors investing in such a business. In order for a bakery to be successful, we need very few basic things: a need in the market, taste and quality in the product. New Delhi is a sophisticated c ity and majority of India’s elite is located here. Here people have the income and the resources to spend on luxuries such as eating out and spending on bakery items. In addition to this, the star product of the bakery, i.e. the freshly baked bread is not even considered a luxury anymore. It has become a necessity for every modern household’s breakfast table. Besides, a survey of the city areas where the offices and schools are located reveals that there are not many bakeries close by. Hence, a bakery that is in the middle of the daily hustle and bustle is bound to be successful, as it would get tremendous amount of attention and pedestrian traffic on a daily basis. Work Breakdown Structure WBS LEVEL WBS LEVEL 2 WBS LEVEL 3 Cost

Roe V Wade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Roe V Wade - Essay Example Roe’s claim charged that the abortion law in Texas was in violation of the constitutional rights of her and all other pregnant women. The Supreme Court decided for Roe effectively making abortion legal in the U.S. in the landmark case. The decision invalidated any state law that restricted a women to have or a doctor to perform an abortion during the first three months (first trimester) of a pregnancy. It also restricted abortions during the second-trimester unless a woman’s health was in jeopardy (Gale, 1997: 312). Though the case was then and remains today controversial, the Court’s decision was correct from a constitutional context. Critics of the decision have generally made arguments based on personal moral beliefs which are irrelevant when the language of the Constitution is examined. Their moral arguments against the Roe decision can be quickly invalidated by weighing the precedents of constitutional decisions reached by the Supreme Court in addition to reading the specific wordage contained in the Constitution. There are, however, valid questions regarding the Constitutional issues of the Roe decision that deserve answering. When most people speak disapprovingly of the Roe decision, they base their objection purely on moral grounds but scholars, lawyers and especially judges who condemn the decision should only do so based on constitutional grounds in addition to voicing their moral objections. The argument against the decision should address the 9th Amendment which states, â€Å"The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people† (â€Å"Bill of Rights†, 2006). Those opposed have said that the ninth, or any other amendment, does not specifically mention abortion therefore the Constitution is not applicable when attempting to determine the legality of abortion rights. This opinion, however, very obviously

Air Transport Management and Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Air Transport Management and Operations - Essay Example Security measures play not the last role in promoting effective organisational performance in airlines, and it is more than important to reconsider how organisation theory and the basic security/ safety measures work for the benefit of successful airline/ airport performance. Organisation theory and its principles create preconditions necessary for airport and airline operators to succeed in their operations: management in general and aviation management, in particular, makes it possible for operators to achieve their business goals in an effective and efficient manner (Daft & Marcic 2008). More often than not, management becomes important because it provides organisations in the aviation industry with an opportunity to integrate the existing management functions and capabilities with their basic operations and to balance their goals and objectives with limited resources. The four elements of successful management comprise functions, roles, skills, and ideas. These elements should be reconsidered in the context of airport and airline management. Functions in management usually refer to what managers are expected to do and do to help their organisations achieve the major goals and objectives; â€Å"the four basic management functions include planning, organizing, leading, and controlling† (Pride, Hughes & Kapoor 2009). Planning is often referred to as the first and the basic function in management and implies that to succeed in their performance, organisations should establish their goals, mission, objectives; it would be fair to say that everything in organisations depends on planning and its effectiveness. This management function works to help airline and airport operators establish plans (e.g., flight schedules), without which accomplishing goals and objectives becomes virtually impossible. Organisations can use both strategic and

There is a large discrepancy in wealth distribution in the PRC. In Essay

There is a large discrepancy in wealth distribution in the PRC. In fact it has amongst the most unequal levels of distribution o - Essay Example This paper examines the implication of wealth inequalities in the PRC, particularly regarding individual’s way of living, education, housing, transportation, employment, and human rights for a citizen in the PRC; in relation to that, the paper will address whether people who are deprived access to these things can even be considered citizens. The paper will also highlight the effect of sexual, racial, and class discriminations on the patterns of consumption in the PRC and the manner in which the different social groups in China define and promote popular culture in the consumption patterns. As already mentioned, wealth inequalities have a very profound impact on individual’s way of living; generally, the large disparities between the rich and the poor in the PRC results to social inequalities since they deprive the poor access to most of the very basic yet fundamental social opportunities and services in life. For instance, the huge gaps between the rich and the poor in the PRC implies that the poor have been deprived access to decent lives with since basic needs such as food and shelter will almost always remain an elusive dream beyond their reach. Poor households in the PRC cannot afford daily provision, leave alone healthy dietary, and nutrition and they have to struggle for bare survival to see another day; apart from that, poor housing or lack of housing altogether predisposes the poor to harsh environmental conditions, which further aggravate their already worse condition. Housing projects in the PRC have been monopolized by the affluent and well-educated group that has the financial flexibility to live in those rich neighborhoods (Doray Demers 297). This implies that those without financial flexibility cannot access decent housing in decent neighborhoods like around Beijing (Tomba 1). Additionally, the poor cannot afford quality medical and healthcare, and are more likely to suffer even from simplest of all common treatable diseases. Poor n eighborhoods in the PRC have a disparity of healthcare facilities, and the least that are available do not even offer quality healthcare services either; Lack of quality healthcare and housing coupled with poor nutrition inevitably results to despicable living conditions. Apart from that, wealth disparities also deprive the poor access to quality education since it leads to unequal access to educational opportunities; whereas the rich can afford quality education for their children, the poor lag behind simply because of limited educational opportunities and high cost of education. Uneven wealth distribution also implies that some areas of the PRC are more developed thus have more education facilities that offer quality education than others, which are underprivileged due to disparities in wealth distribution. The rich neighborhoods in the PRC have enough schools, which provide enough opportunities for children from socially affluent families to access to education, unlike poor neigh borhoods that lag behind in development, thus have few congested schools that offer low quality education. In this respect, the limited access to educatio