Taking Masters in Nursing

It has always been my dream since my childhood to become either a Nurse or a Lawyer; however, I preferred to be a Nurse. In that way, I can realize both. As a nurse, I can be of help to patients who need our modest care and attention and at the same time, be advocates of patient’s health and rights. I had high ambitions when I entered the field of nursing on the year 2004. Completing the course wasn’t that easy. I seriously took my studies and attain every single requirement to be able to achieve the Nursing degree and eventually, pass the Nurse Licensure Examination. I applied for training at tertiary hospitals in Davao. One of which is Davao Regional Hospital, a 250 bed health care facility, where I was exposed in various special units. As a neophyte, I got to learn and adjust with the different cases I encountered. It is a fact that nowadays, it is not that easy to find a permanent job as a nurse. I took the challenge of the stiff competition and grabbed every chance only to prove that I don’t easily give up. With high hopes and perseverance, I was hired and given the chance to be a part of the health care team of Davao Doctors Hospital (DDH), the premiere hospital in Mindanao. I was trained and assigned at the Medical-Surgical Unit, which caters critically and chronically ill patients. Continuing my nursing career at DDH widened my goals, perspective and outlook in this profession. My path and focus toward work aimed for new heights. Taking care of some patient with mechanical ventilators, on going chemotherapy and with various tubes attached, I know that I get to see great things, which I can acquire in this profession. I realized that one must have an open-mind and a compassionate heart toward work in order to be effective and efficient in this field of practice. The critical cases of my patients served as challenges considering the care and empathy I feel towards them. The exposures I experience give a new meaning as I end every shift of my duty. It always teaches me to stand tall and surrendering isn’t an option. I consider it an everyday fulfillment. Fulfilling my goals to become critically aware with the theories and principles of the Nursing profession, achieving my aspiration to become a holistic nurse which can be advocate, practitioner and educator to my patients, as well as to my colleagues, are my main reasons for pursuing the Master of Arts in Nursing major in Adult Health Nursing at the University of the Philippines Open University. With this degree, I know that I can widen my competence and understanding and develop my awareness on the present issues affecting the Nursing profession especially to the area, which I am assigned. Likewise, it has been my dream, since then, to attain a Master’s degree in a prestigious university like UP. It is also my aim to lead the Nursing team specifically in our unit and even in the whole Nursing Department, where I can provide education to my co-workers and be a model in promoting the best and qualified service to our clients. In addition, considering my location and duty schedule here in Davao, I know that the Open University program would be the best way to achieve my aspirations. In the future, I hope to achieve new opportunities in the institution I work and even in the wide-range scope of this profession and continue to be a blessing to others. With UPOU, I am best aware that I have the high chances of fulfilling my passion of serving the people and attain high positions in the right time. Finally, I want to become an educator of excellence in health care and continue the tradition of education in our profession and preparing those interested and qualified, who will also become medical and nursing advocates and leaders of the next generation.

Power and Dominace

This essay will talk on the definition of privilege and dominance, the application and importance of anti-oppressive practice and the theoretical frame work of Thompson’s Personal, Cultural and Structural (PCS) models of oppression, Burnham’s social ‘GRRAACCEESS’ and Fook’s Micro and Macro approaches. It will also cover my reflection on the article ‘To Address Privilege and Dominance’ and how it influences my social work practice and a reflection on challenges that might arise in my practice.Bailey (1998:109) defines privilege as ‘systematically conferred advantages individuals enjoys by virtue of their membership in dominant groups with access to resources and institutional power that are beyond the common advantages of marginalised citizens’. Tillner (1997:2) defines dominance as ‘a form of identity practice that constructs a difference which legitimises dominance and grants the agent of dominance the illusion of a s uperior identity’. Anti-oppressive practice is the cornerstone of ethical social work practice.It is very important and central to learning in social work practice how to challenge the focused abuse of power and mistreatment of others using specific legislation where applicable and to consider the particular disadvantages resulting from a precise social difference. Dominelli (2002:36) denotes that ‘anti-oppressive practice addresses the whole person and enables the practitioner to relate to his or her client’s social context in a way that takes account of the ‘allocative and authoritative’ that both the practitioner and the client bring to the relationship.Thus, anti oppressive practice takes on board personal, institutional, cultural and economic issues and examines how this impinges on individuals’ behaviour and opportunities to develop their full potentials as persons living within collective entities’. Parker (2007) states that anti -discriminatory approaches highlight disadvantage by association experienced by people with whom social workers practise as the discrimination is directly related to the particular characteristics identified within the legislation.Parker (2007) further explains that anti-oppressive pursue to change systems that upholds the status quo at the expense of carers, service users disadvantaged or marginalised people due to their social division and statuses. Thompson (2006) identifies three levels that can make us better understand the ways oppression or discrimination works in society. These are Personal, Cultural and Structural (PCS) models of oppression. The personal or psychological level is concerned with an individual’s thoughts, feelings, views, attitudes and actions towards a particular group, person, race, gender, sexuality, religion or community.The cultural level centres on ‘shared ways of seeing, thinking and doing’ (Thompson, 2009). That is: cultural levels of interaction within society and shared ways of seeing, thinking and doing, the same values and patterns of thought and behaviour, conformity to social norms and humour as a vehicle for transmitting and reinforcing culture. Culture is also very influential in determining what is regarded as ‘normal’ in any given circumstance. The structural level refers to the network of social divisions and power relations that are so closely associated with them.It also relates to the way in which oppression and discrimination are ‘sewn in’ to the fabric of society or institutionalise. It also relates to the level of social forces; ‘interlocking patterns of power and influence’. Hugman (2009:1142) notes that ‘Fooks approach shows how working at the micro level can be informed by structural understandings of the causes of social needs’. Micro pertains to individual, domestic unit and small groups whilst macro relates to community, organisation a nd policies.It is important to work with macro minded in micro practice as most difficulties faced by service users can easily be identified at that level. Burnham (2005) claims that power and privilege relates to an individual’s gender, race, religion, age, ability, class, culture, creed, ethnicity, education sexuality and sexual orientation. Hence, social workers need to understand their own identities in order to understand the identity of service users. This will facilitate better interaction and good engagement. The aspect of the article that stood out for me is the privileges or advantages enjoyed by males.If we look back in history of time we will see that woman have come a very long way fighting for equality. It is obvious that men enjoy certain privileges based on the fact that they are males as compared to their female counterparts. There are other informed observations that propose that the male dominance in present day society is a function of culturally-installed patriarchy that not only favours men but also oppresses women in society. Robinson (2003) claims that patriarchy enthusiasts would argue that society enjoys most benefit because of male dominance and our respective gender roles.Feminist philosophers and activist are quick to point out the great suffering women have experienced over the years and the discrimination they faced every day in present day society. It is a truism that woman have suffered over the years and are still suffering today due to some aspects of male privilege and dominance in society. It will be of great help to the society if social workers focus on the visible and invisible mechanisms of power, privilege, and influence that males have over females. This will be of great help to fight against inequality and other social ills.There are privileges that that come to some people simply because of the fact that they are males. For example, it will be very difficult for a man be discriminated at his place of work on the ground of his sex. Most females are and have been discriminated against on the ground of their sex. To add to the above, men are paid higher than women doing the same job especially if the employer knows that the man has a family. During recruitment, some employers are very reluctant to recruit female workers as they are concerned that she will need time off for maternity, time to take her child to the hospital and other family commitment.Most service users will do what they are asked to do by a male social worker as compared to a female social worker due to the fact that they are male. Most service users especially when it comes to child protection will be more confrontational and verbal with females as compared to males. I have worked with cases that when it came to difficult and confrontational service users, the cases where transferred to male social workers. As soon as the cases were transferred to a male social worker the service user’s attitude towards the male soc ial worker changed.Another aspect in the article that stood out for me is the privileges enjoyed by heterosexual couples over same sex or gay couple. I have a friends and colleagues who are lesbians and they will remind from time to time that I should understand they are lesbians and it is extremely difficult for them to kiss or hold hands in public like heterosexual couples. I have also worked with service users that are gays and lesbians and I have to always remember to use the term partner when I am referring to their boyfriend or girlfriend.They have also explained to me that they do not feel free to communicate with colleagues or people because they feel that they will not be taken serious or they will be perceived as social misfits. The above mentioned facts about privilege and dominance will certainly influence my social work practice in a positive way. Social work is a profession that provide help and valuable support to people who are facing some forms of oppression and soc ial exclusion and other social ills. It is very essential that social workers empathise with service users as they are in the position of power whilst the service users may sometime feel powerless.It should be recommended that much work be done in order to bridge the gap between male and female. The work should be centred towards extending privilege, power, dominance and influence to women. Men also need to assess themselves in order to address the concerns of open oppression of women. This could also include talks and seminars on issues like domestic violence, workplace disparity and other issues related to gender equality. It will ease communication and understanding when a social worker explains to service users their concerns and what they will do in order to address the concern.Some service users believe that social workers are baby snatchers, community police, a tool for the upper class, a control mechanism and in such situations service users can become abusive and confrontat ional. Social workers need to explain the reasons for their visit and what they will do and what they will not do. This will enable service users and other family members to engage with social workers. Worthy of mention is the fact that social workers should be aware of the area of privilege and dominance and as they can discuss this with people who enjoy certain privileges as a way forward.For example, always hold conversation with men about the privileges enjoyed by them. As a social worker you have to be aware of the challenges that you might face whilst trying to address the issue of privilege and dominance. Advocacy is a means of emancipation and it is often not easy to advocate for certain group of people. It might be very difficult for information to penetrate some communities. Again, some people use religion as a defence for not accepting other people’s values, sexuality and religious in society.The fact that social workers need to be polite, speak cautiously and prof essionally at all times might lead to some service users taking them for granted. It is of immense importance for social workers to reflect on the issue of privilege and dominance as they work with service users who have been marginalised or oppressed. This will serve as emancipatory given the fact that the lack of critical reflection on the privileged flank of social division permits members of dominant group to strengthen their dominance. This will enable social workers to best understand issues revolving around privilege, dominance, power and influence.A good understanding of these issues will pave a good way for social workers to work better with service users and also instigate change when and where it is needed. Reference Bailey, A. (1998) ‘Privilege: Expanding on Marilyn Fry’s oppression’, Journal of Social Philosophy. 29, 3: 104-119. Dominelli. L. (2002) Anti-Oppressive Social Work Theory and Practice. London: Palgrave Macmillan Hugman, R. (2009) But is i t Social Work? Some Reflection of Mistaken Identities. British Journal of Social Work, 39, 1139-1153. Parker, J. (2007) Social Work, Disadvantage by Association and Anti-Oppressive Practice. In P.Burke and J. Parker. (eds. ) Social Work and Disadvantage: Addressing the Roots of Stigma Through Association, London: Jessica Kingsley. Robinson, M (2003) Gender, Power and Privilege. Charles Pfeffer: WetWare, Inc. Rochester, NY. Tillner, G. (1997) ‘Masculinity and Xenophobia: The identity of dominance’. Paper presented to the UNESCO conference, Masculinity and Male Roles in the Perspective of a Culture of Peace, Oslo, Norway. Thompson, N. (2006) Anti-Discriminatory Practice (2006) 4th ed, Palgrave, Macmillian. Thompson, N. (2009) Promoting equality, valuing diversity. Lyme Regis: Russell House Publishing.

Martha Rinaldi Essay

Martha Rinaldi has been an assistant product manager at leading beverage company Potomac Waters since graduating from business school. Rinaldi is frustrated by her relationships with her boss and a close co-worker. Even though she works hard to please her manager, she has received a negative performance evaluation for her first four months. Should Rinaldi leave Potomac for a standing job offer at a company she previously interned with or try to improve her current situation? Martha Rinaldi has been an assistant product manager at leading beverage company Potomac Waters since graduating from business school. Rinaldi is frustrated by her relationships with her boss and a close co-worker. Even though she works hard to please her manager, she has received a negative performance evaluation for her first four months. Should Rinaldi leave Potomac for a standing job offer at a company she previously interned with or try to improve her current situation? 30,000 Term Papers To Choose From.. Find Academic, Research, College, and University Term Papers Search Our Catalog For A Term Paper, Book Report, Case Study or Essay. We Provide Custom Research, Term Paper Writing, Pre-written Reports and Editing†¦ â€Å"$name† TERM PAPERS Academic Term Papers Catalog MARTHA RINALDI: SHOULD SHE STAY OR SHOULD SHE GO? HARVARD BUSINESS BRIEF CASE 4310 SOLUTION. 19150. MARTHA RINALDI: SHOULD SHE STAY OR SHOULD SHE GO? HARVARD BUSINESS BRIEF CASE 4310 SOLUTION. This paper provides a Berkeley Research analysis  and case solution to a Harvard Business organizational behavior case study by Linda A. Hill and Mark Rennella on the challenges of building power and credibility in a new job. The case focuses on the career and work frustrations of Martha Rinaldi, an assistant product manager at a leading beverage company. The case analysis includes problem identification, problem analysis, assessment of alternatives, and recommendations. APA Style. 12 pages, 7 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources. 3,450 words. About Berkeley Research Case Solutions: Berkeley Research has offered authoritative case solutions to Harvard Business School case studies since 1984. We also feature solutions to case studies from other leading graduate business schools including Stanford, Darden, Wharton and Ivey. Our case solutions feature in-depth analysis drawing on appropri ate analytical tools including S.W.O.T., P.E.S.T. and Five Forces analyses, and include secondary references from scholarly journals and leading business periodicals. We do not offer student-written essays; all of our case solutions are professionally written by MBA and DBA –degreed writers with proven aptitude and long experience in writing insightful case solutions. Unlike other case solutions made available on the Internet without competent evaluation of their merits, Berkeley Research case solutions are peer reviewed by a panel of case analysts prior to being offered on our website. The strongest and most gratifying endorsement of the quality of our case solutions comes from our customers: over two-thirds of our case study sales are made to repeat customers, graduate students and executives enrolled in some of the most distinguished and selective graduate business programs, and who necessarily set a high bar for analytical rigor and expository clarity. The Berkeley Research case study solution is a premium product intended for a discerning audience. TAGS: Harvard business case solution, conflict management, interpersonal relations, pers onal strategy, talent management, communication, power and influence, leadership, career development, supervisor-subordinate relations RELATED PAPERS Kay Sunderland, Making the Grade at Attain Learning Harvard Case Solution Jamie Turner at MLI Harvard Case Solution Leadership and Team Development Research Paper Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics and a Career in Crisis Harvard Business Case Solution Terracog Global Positioning Systems: Conflict and Communication on Project Aerial Harvard Case Solution Bob Knowlton Case Study Solution

Safety Program Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Safety Program Management - Essay Example This program is set out to direct improvements about specific regulatory policies on accident prevention, accident mitigation and aviation monitoring and modeling to make, as Rugg (2010) has emphasized, â€Å"an already safe air transportation system even safer.† Other agencies such as the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) are a program initiated by the government for the same purpose as well. In connection, this paper will focus on the aspect of accident prevention and its importance to the implementation of the aviation safety program created by the agencies mentioned above; and to employ certain development in which consideration of the past, present and future changes is needed. To do so, a portion will be spared for the review of the history of aviation travels, and the accidents connected to it, and also point out the desired aviation safety policies needed to assist in reaching the visions as stated. One of the earliest concepts of air travelling was designed by the Montgolfier brothers in the late 18th century as they saw the possibility of navigating the air (Turner, 1931, p. 170). A few experimentation and months later, a huge balloon was flown using hot air. The balloon, called the Montgolfier balloon, later had carried a maximum of seven passengers into the sky; and gathered both positive and negative feedback from the public (â€Å"World Aviation in 1783,† n.d.). After more than two decades, Sir George Cayley, known as the â€Å"Father of Aerial Navigation,† discussed the basic yet very significant principles used in flying things in an article titled â€Å"On Aerial Navigation† (Berliner, 1997, pp. 54-55); and also started to use his own ideas in the experimentations about flying he did in the years later. By the early 20th century, according to Andrews (2009), aviation travel experimenters

National Emergency Communication Plan Research Paper

National Emergency Communication Plan - Research Paper Example Emergency communications is highly depended on by many agencies in United States (Safecom Program, Online). NECP was established by US department of Homeland Security’s Office of Emergency Communication. It was created due to lack of cooperation among the communication systems used by the nation’s first responders. Coordination in terms of passing information was crucial to enhance fire fighting, law enforcement, rescue, and other emergencies. Evidence of lack of proper coordination among systems was witnessed through the occurrence of attacks in the Pentagon, World Trade Centre in 2001 and Hurricane Katrina. NECP aims to provide up to date modes of communication to enhance response to emergency calls. The plan suggests reasonable goals for the federal, state, local, as well as tribal authorities to be achieved by 2013. It does not interfere with the distribution of funds by the Department of Homeland security (Department of Homeland Security, Online). NECP, being the first strategic plan, majorly aims to improve emergency response communications. It also works hand in hand with Homeland securities in its legislations. During the year 2010, it planned to achieve quick response emergency communication within one hour in high risk urban areas. In 2011, it aimed at achieving high level response emergency communication in low risk urban areas. By 2013, it aims to thrust all authorities to demonstrate response-level emergency communications within 3 hours in case of a major event a specified in nation’s planning scenarios (Walker 5). Land mobile radio and related public safety control systems have been put in place to ensure the quality and continuity of communications systems. Principles of chain and unity of command, unified command (for multi- agency incidents), and standardised span of control have also been put in place to clearly explain duties and responsibilities of responders. Shared laws and regulations have been structured to

The Use of Psychotropic Medication in Hospital Settings Research Paper

The Use of Psychotropic Medication in Hospital Settings - Research Paper Example From the study it was evident that the factor which was strongly associated with fall was medication. Other risk factors determined by the study were level of activity, age of the patient,confusion, depression, history of fall in the past. staff vigilance and number of inpatients in the ward. According to Blair and Gruman (p. 353), it is very important for the staff of the hospital to know that risk assessment for falls in elderly patients must be continuous because the status of risk can change quickly, especially if the patient is on some psychotropic medication. They opined that a fall prevention program must be present in all hospitals admitting elderly patients and nurses and other staff must be educated about strategies to prevent falls in that population. Another important aspect of medication is the inappropriate dosing of psychotropic medication which can increase the risk of falls. This aspect was studied by Peterson et al (p.802). The researchers studied the association be tween appropriateness of psychotropic medication and in-hospital fall rate. From the study, it was evident that inappropriate dosing of psychotropic medication is strongly associated with falls. As such, psychotropic medications are associated with several side effects including falls leading to hip fractures, over sedation and delirium. Geriatric patients who are vulnerable may suffer from various injuries disproportionate to the fall when on psychotropic agents because; these medications are used frequently, slow the rate of metabolism and decrease physiologic reserve (Peterson, p.803). According to a meta-analysis by Leipzig et al (cited in Riefkohl, p.726), psychotropic drugs are strongly associated with falls. The data for... From this paper it is clear that several medicines have been attributed to cause falls in the elderly population. In this regard, psychotropic medicines which are frequently administered for older people for various psychiatic and cognitive problems are studied widely and are known to increase the risk of falls. Medicines, especially psychotropic ones, cause orthostatic hypotension, confusion, oversedation, delirium, dizziness, cognitive changes and psychomotor impairment and thus contribute to falls. Other medications which can increase the risk of falls are diuretics, antihypertensives and cardiovascular medicines. In this research article, the association between use of psychotropic medications and falls in elderly people admitted to hospital settings will be studied through review of suitable literature.As the discussion highlights  inappropriate dosing of psychotropic medication is strongly associated with falls. As such, psychotropic medications are associated with several si de effects including falls leading to hip fractures, over sedation and delirium. Geriatric patients who are vulnerable may suffer from various injuries disproportionate to the fall when on psychotropic agents because; these medications are used frequently, slow the rate of metabolism and decrease physiologic reserve.  Falls are a major source of concern among elderly patients admitted to hospital. Several risk factors are present which can be assessed using risk assessment scales.

Religion's Influence on Ancient Greek Research Paper

Religion's Influence on Ancient Greek - Research Paper Example Marveling activities were the greatest significant factors of the Greek religion as much emphasis was laid on pleasing their gods so that they could enjoy their lives devoid of oppression and difficulties. Several rituals were conducted as well as rites, sacrifices, and ceremonies were held all in the name of impressing and pleasing the gods. Erection of temples and statues at selected places, were chosen as their holy grounds where they could provide sacrifices to their gods. This paper, examines the role played by the religion in swaying and influencing the ancient laws, arts, as well as the daily life practices by the ancient Greek people. It examines the significance of religion in this ancient Greek society. the Greek society, religion was a significant feature in the cultural practices with the sacrifices and frequent praying to the gods serving as a unifying function of people, with n aim to impressing the gods. They believed in life after death therefore, had faith that after a lifetime, a complete fresh and different life lay ahead of them. Even though the ancient Greek religious practices are practically extinct in their original model, it exists in their culture, religion of the current western practices, as well as their thoughts. In the ancient world, there was not a distinct difference between religion and philosophy entities. Plato 429 - 347 BC "Is that which is holy loved by the gods because it is holy, or is it holy because it is loved by the gods?" 2 "What I say is that 'just' or 'right' means nothing but what is in the interest of the stronger party." 3 The convictions of an average Greek could have been swayed both by the customary faiths and beliefs about their gods as well as the derived thoughts from the philosophers’ teachings. Currently, the teachings by the foremost philosophers such as Socrates and Plato, are often classified as religious presently, which provides the meaning of life, feature of the universe, life after death, and God or gods. Religion provided the structure and regularity for all the features of society and life. Whereas calendars were personal to every city, it was common practice to utilize imitative from the gods’ names to give a name to months. Greek’s religion center of attention was on the consecrated activities as well as customs rather than virtuous convictions and silent praying. The practice of insertion of an individual’s hand on the bible and swearing to it in such places as the courts was an inspiration born in the ancient Greek. In the ancient Greek, all those caught up in a court process, first had to make an appeal to the gods as potential benefactors or punishers, a responsibility then conditional on effectively recognizing the falsehood or truth by the individual who pledged to the oath. Anacharsis - 6th Century BC "Written laws are like a spider's webs; they will catch, it is true, the weak and poor, but would be torn in pieces by the rich and powe rful." Connecting with the gods was therefore done in numerous human legal concerns which could vary from basic domestic misunderstandings to interstate agreements. Most prominent portions of Greek literature, The Odyssey and The Iliad included stories about humans’ relations with gods. A number of carvings were created for the purpose of reverence to the gods. Such include the statue of Athena found in Parthenon. Other pieces of hunting pictures, battling views, the portraits of the gods and heroes as well, were commonly represented on the pieces of ceramics. Aristotle 384 - 322 BC; We make war that we may live in peace, Every art and every investigation, and

Real Options Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Real Options - Essay Example Use of standard techniques to evaluate real optionsTraditionally the use of standard techniques was predominant though lacked merit in its application. The techniques included use discounted cash flows and net present value analysis. Here, future expected cash flows are treated as the present values of the empirical probability measure that reflects the risk of the project under a discounted rate. Cash flows that is expected are highly valued in this approach than any other flexible issue that alters the strategy to market goal realizations. The net present value approach presents management as being passive to their Capital investment. Most analysts account for this real option problem by adjusting the discount rates. However, real options valuation looks at management as being active and they revolve interests with varying market trends. Real options usually bring into action the best contingency plan. Management has a duty to fight any negative occurrences by lowering the possibil ities of exposure and limit the firm’s benefits from uncertainties in the market.The contingent characteristic of profits to be realized in the future of a business, in real options models is exhibited by applying financial option techniques. Using the risk-neutral measure approach comprises the reduction of the probability distribution for the risk being accounted for. Real options valuation accounts for uncertainties in the future of definite parameters that define the value of the business.

The Role of Mentors in Evaluating the Quality of Students Nursing Essay

The Role of Mentors in Evaluating the Quality of Students Nursing Practice - Essay Example In talking about the role played by mentors in pre-registration of nurses, Pellat maintains that the practice experience is a most important aspect of preparing nursing students for registration. The current programmes are aimed at enhancing this practice with careful support and supervision. Mentors play a very crucial role in supporting nursing students in practice. The quality of mentorship is highly valuable during this time, and raises an attention because it is the mentors who assess students’ competence for practice at the time of registration. Prince also says that Mentoring offers students an opportunity to instruct, a characteristic of their own professional development and a stepping stone towards career paths. Mentors act as role models. As a mentor, one is required to provide the student with support and guidance in the area of practice. He/she should enable the student to make the practice realistic through applying the theories learnt, assessing and giving effec tive feedback and enhancing revision of the practice, performances and lessons learnt (Pellatt, 2006,336 – 340) and (Prince ,2004) The Royal college of Nursing toolkit provides basics of mentorship in that Mentors must ensure students are fit for purpose which means the ability to perform effectively in practice, for practice-fulfill registration requirements and award; have the qualification of being awarded a diploma or a degree. As role models, mentors should assist students develop skills and confidence, enhance professionalism and lay an appropriate level of inspection. It is the mentors’ responsibility to be prepared to undertake the role, to share their knowledge with the mentee, to be conversant with the students’ curriculum and practice assessment documentation and identify areas of specialization and learning opportunities. Morton and Palmer add that Mentoring goes beyond the individual relationship between the mentor and the student. It is within this framework of accountability and responsibility for professional standards that is implicit within the individual’s practice and that of the employer. This makes the mentors feel secure in their role of supporting that is implemented at local level (Royal College of Nursing Toolkit 2007, 5-10 and Morton and Palmer, 2000). Outcomes of Mentoring Spouse asserts that the stages of mentoring portray acyclic process or a continuum based on the individual’s development stages as he/she matures into the career or professionalism. Mentoring is part of being a leader, the same way as developing ones leadership abilities. In mentoring, first the mentor and mentee needs to establish an open relationship with each other. Each stage of mentorship is an experience in life that brings new crises and challenges. Having experienced this, one knows what to expect and it is this knowledge that helps others go through the career challenges. The benefits of mentee, mentor and the organizati on are: quicker learning curves, increased communication of corporate values, increased loyalty, improved employee productivity and improved one on one communication (Spouse, 1996 32-35). People who have

Gold buying trends and investment in saudi arabia Research Paper

Gold buying trends and investment in saudi arabia - Research Paper Example These conditions illustrate market failure since the investors are not aware of the possible opportunities (Trivedi & Behera 2012). Real estate investment is the most preferred option among the Saudi Arabian investors in comparison to gold (Smith 2011). Such occurs since the interest rates are low, the environment has a higher liquidity, there is a population increase and the demand for housing is high (Kelly 2011). Moreover, the government does not have adequate housing projects, which indicates why investors venture on this opportunity of real estate investment. On the other hand, women depict a viable market for the gold since they create a strong demand for the commodity. Women need gold for gifts and jewelry they represent during ceremonies (Rivlin 2009). However, sudden increase in the price of gold makes women not to buy jewelry and focus on other alternative commodities. Nevertheless, it is anticipated that as the population increases, the demand for gold will increase. Since ancient civilization in the Hejaz area, Jeddah creates a unique gold market (Karunagaran 2013). This is because Jeddah has a sea port and acts as a main gate to al medina and Makah, which makes it a strategic market for gold on annual basis during the hosting of the pilgrims. Saudi Arabian Investors are also oriented on economic activities, which are related to mineral fuels. Such occurs since the country is involved with the exportation of mineral fuels (Middle East Monitor: Gulf 2014). Other investors focus on foreign direct and indirect investments because they regard such investments as lucrative in terms of the returns on their investments and earnings on profits. Their major focus of foreign investments is in the United Kingdom, Japan, United States, Germany, France and Switzerland (Erb & Harvey 2013). Investors favor other alternative investments instead of gold because they consider such investments to have low risks in comparison to gold trade investment.

Obesity Essay Introduction Essay Example for Free

Obesity Essay Introduction Essay In the process of evolution, a human body has adapted to accumulate a supply of nutrients in the amount of food for expending it in conditions of forced absence or restriction of provision. This kind of evolutionary advantage allowed us to survive in difficult times. In ancient period, fatness was considered as a sign of well-being, prosperity, fertility, and health. An example is the sculpture of Venus of Willendorf, dated 22nd millennium BC. E. A careful attitude to own weight is a trend of the present time. The lifestyle of a modern person is often far from what doctors and elementary common sense recommend. Constant stress and inability to have a good rest lead to one of the simplest and cheapest ways to relax like absorption of high-calorie food. As a result, a wide-scale disease in megacities becomes obesity, but it can be prevented by conducting regular laboratory diagnostics. Obesity is a widespread illness, characterized by excessive development of adipose tissue. The problem frequently occurs with age, when motor activity decreases, and a number of vital body systems fail. The genesis of fatness is mostly caused by a violation of the balance between energy intake and its expenditure of the body. Excess calories, i.e. not consumed by an organism, are converted to grease, which accumulates in fat stores. We are talking about subcutaneous tissue, epiploon, abdominal wall, internal organs, etc. An increase in fat stores leads to addition in body weight and disruption of many systems. The basis of an appearance of primary obesity is an alimentary factor associated with an enhanced energy value of the diet at low energy costs. The mentioned type develops as an output of the predominance in a menu of carbohydrates and animal grease or disruption of dietary patterns, which often carries a family predisposition. Calories contained in fats contribute more to weight gain than those involved in proteins and carbohydrates. Hypodinamy significantly reduces an ability of muscles to oxidize grease. Secondary fatness accompanies such hereditary syndromes as Babinsky-Frohlichs disease, Gelino syndrome, Lawrence-Myan-Barde-Biddle syndrome, etc. Symptomatic obesity may also happen against a background of various cerebral lesions. Similar changes in eating behavior occur as a result of the violation of a hypothalamic-pituitary regulation, which is responsible for controlling behavioral responses. Their genesis is also facilitated by a number of factors, such as a low-activity lifestyle, genetically caused disorders of enzyme activity, errors in nature or dietary, some endocrine pathologies, stress, lack of sleep, and the use of psychotropic or hormonal drugs. Obesity’s presence within a certain patient entails the need for a number of laboratory tests necessary for finding out the reasons and an appointment of adequate therapy. Analyzes allow you to assess liver function, parameters of fat and carbohydrate metabolism, a state of the reproductive system, the functioning of the thyroid gland. Thus, every person suffering from fatness could have own motivation for weight loss: cosmetic effect, reducing the risk to health, improving efficiency, a desire to wear smaller clothes or a wish to look good. However, goals and its rates should be real and directed, first of all, to reduce dangers of obesity-related complications. With hereditary predisposition, at the age of 40 years, in conditions of hypodinamy, it needs to limit consumption of carbohydrates, fats, transit to the diet of protein and plant foods. For the prevention of obesity, a person with a normal weight is enough to spend calories and energy as much as he or she gets them during the day.

Rational Choice Theory Essay Example for Free

Rational Choice Theory Essay â€Å"Man is a rational animal who always loses his temper when he is called upon to act in accordance with the dictates of reason. † As seen from Oscar Wilde’s famous quote, rationality is one of the most crucial and controversial subjects in studying human behavior. To study and examine this rationality, numerous scholars have tried to establish their own theories and generalize their explanation with empirical evidences from real world, which ultimately produces so called, the theory of rational choice. Rational Choice Theory is an approach to understand human behavior. The approach has long been the dominant paradigm in economics, but in recent several decades it has become more widely used in other fileds such as Sociology, Political Science, and Anthropology. The main purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of rational choice theory and briefly discuss its basic assumptions, critiques, political implication, and alternative explanations of individual choice mechanism. First of all, historical backgrounds of rational choice theory and its transition from the field of Economics to that of Political Science will be elaborated. Next, various definitions and meanings of the rational choice will be discussed. The basic assumptions of the rational choice approach with political implication will be followed. Several issues raised by rational choice theory will be followed after this discussion. This paper will suggest some of the main criticisms that have been levied against the rational choice approach. Limited empirical validity of rational choice theory and methodological individualism, which reveals innate problematic nature of the theory, will be discussed. Finally, alternative explanations of individual choice mechanism will sum up this discussion. Before elaborating its theoretical discussion, it is necessary to discuss historical backgrounds of rational choice theory. In the article, â€Å"A Genealogy of Rational Choice: Rationalism, Elitism, and Democracy†, Maloy introduces Skinner’s analysis of behaviorism as fundamental background for the discussion of rational choice theory. He argues that, â€Å"Skinner’s analysis deserves the attention of the recent debates around rational choice ecause it calls attention to the ineluctable ideological features of methodological debate† (Maloy 751). According to Maloy, Skinner could â€Å"clarify the sorts of normative force which attach to empirical theories in social sciences by a close textual analysis of some leading contributions to the behaviorist debate†, which ultimately enables the discussion of rational choice to be furthered applied into different fields of study (Maloy 751). Milton Freidman is another crucial figure that provides profound theoretical base for discussing rational choice theory. In â€Å"The Methodology of Positive Economics†, Friedman argues that people and firms make decisions that can maximize their profit under perfect information. He defended rational choice model by arguing that, â€Å"a theory should be judged by its predictive accuracy, not the realism of its assumptions† (Friedman 10). His argument provides theoretical foundations of rational choice theory in Economics, even though it is often criticized by later scholars because of its weak empirical validity and ceteris paribus nature. While rational choice theory has been dominant paradigm in Economics, it has become â€Å"adapted and adjusted in a number of ways to fit† different fields of study such as Political Science; Maloy explains that â€Å"the distinctiveness of the rational choice approach among political scientists consists, in general terms, in the use of economic models to explain and predict political behavior (Maloy 753). Maloy points out three prominent figures, Arrow, Downs, and Olson as rational choice founders especially in the field of political science. According to Maloy, Arrow’s work focuses on so called, â€Å"collective rationality whose underlying purpose is to measure collective choices using standards normally applied to individual choices (Maloy 753). Down uses Arrow’s collective rationality as the starting point of his study and â€Å"aims to articulate a behavior rule for democratic governments so that they could be included in economic theories of general equilibrium, alongside non-state agents like private firms and consumers (Maloy 754). Finally, Olson’s analysis has taken â€Å"the key elements of Arrow’s and Down’s constructs and applied them to a narrower field†; He argues that â€Å"as long as the service provided by a voluntary association is a public good on which an individual can ride-free, there is no incentive actually to take on the costs associated with joining, membership and participation, unless the marginal contribution of that individual appreciably advances the organizational cause† (Maloy 754). All three choice founders’ works have enabled rational choice theory to be in the central place of political discussion in â€Å"the creative and cross-disciplinary ways† (Maloy 755). By arguing that voting results have no specific social meaning, voting has no individual efficacy, and participation in interest group activity has no special individual efficacy, these rational choice founders could criticize unrealistic and irrational assumptions and norms of traditional democratic system and bring rational choice model to the place of political discussion from the field of Economics (Maloy 755). Rational Choice Theory generally starts with consideration of the choice behavior of individual decision-making units, which in economics are often consumers and firms. The theory suggests that the individual decision-making unit is certain larger group such as buyers or sellers in a particular market. Once individual behavior is set up, the analysis generally moves on to examine how individual choices interact to produce outcomes. Then, what does it mean by arguing that a choice is rational? In rational choice theory it means that an agent’s choices reflect the most preferred possible alternative among given opportunities. In other words, choices must reflect utility maximization. Elinor Ostrom defines rational choice theory as a guide to â€Å"understand humans as self-interested, short-term maximizers† in his work, â€Å"A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action† (Ostrom 2). In the article, â€Å"The Political Psychology of Rational Choice Theory†, William H.  Riker also suggests that â€Å"the rational choice model begins with the assumption that actors know what they want and can order their wants transitively† (Riker 25). â€Å"Transitively† here means that an agent of rational choice model can do so called, â€Å"a transitive ordering†; â€Å"To know what one wants requires one to choose the best from among several goals and, failing to attain it, to choose the second best, etc† (Riker 24). This formulation of ordering enables an agent to pursue the best option with given constraints that limit choices he or she can have. In their work, â€Å"Rational Choice Theory†, Coleman and Fararo define rational choice sociologically as they use the term, â€Å"models of purposive action†, rather than rational choice; â€Å"These models rest on the assumption that actors are purposive which means they act in ways that tend to produce beneficial results† (Coleman and Fararo 21). These several definitions point out that choices pursuing utility maximization and outcomes made by these choices are key elements in rational choice theory. Then how is different when rational choice theory is applied into the field of Political Science instead of other fields of study such as Economics and Sociology? According to Riker, Economists’ main concern for rational choice is â€Å"the process and outcomes produced by voluntary exchange, where of course, all participants benefit. On the other hand, â€Å"Politics mainly concerns processes and outcomes produced by group decisions which are practically binding on those who cannot resign from the group. Thus, there can be losers and winners in politics according to Riker’s argument (Riker 24). Although Rational choice theory has long been the dominant paradigm in Economics and other fields of study, it has been subject to vigorous criticism. In â€Å"Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory†, Don Green and Ian Shapiro raises several empirical problems that rational choice theory possess; they â€Å"conclude that a number of methodological deficiencies plague empirical applications of rational choice models. They argue that, â€Å"fundamental and recurrent methodological failings rooted in the universalist aspirations that motivate so much rational choice theorizing† (Freidman 59). According to Green and Shapiro, â€Å"these mistakes stem from a method-driven rather than a problem-driven approach to research, in which practitioners are more eager to vindicate one or another universalist model than to understand and explain actual political outcomes† (Friedman 59). Green and Shapiro’s argument can be summarized into three propositions; â€Å"there is a list of methodological characteristics that are undesirable in an empirical science and are thus to be avoided. † â€Å"Empirical applications of rational choice theory are more likely to commit these mistakes than other types of empirical analysis in political science. â€Å"These pathologies are not due to and historical coincidence, but are rooted in fundamental characteristics of rational choice theory, especially its universalist aspirations and the lack of specificity in the rational actor assumption† (Freidman 60). These propositions suggest that rational choice theory has its empirical limit for testing and predicting actual political outcomes. In detail, Green and Shapiro point out several problems of rational choice theory that possibly undermines the empirical validity of the theory itself. Post hoc theory development† known to statisticians as â€Å"curve fitting† is one of these problems that rational choice theory contains. Green and Shapiro â€Å"contend that rather than formulating bold predictions that are falsifiable by empirical evidence, rational choice theorist tend first to look at the empirical evidence, then design a rational choice model that fits it† (Friedman 5). Another problem raised by Green and Shapiro is rational choice theorists’ engagement in â€Å"arbitrary domain restriction† (Friedman 5). As discussed earlier, certain restrictions or constraints enable â€Å"a transitive ordering† in rational choice theory. Green and Shapiro argue that these constraints and restrictions are defined in ambiguous ways in rational choice model, which ultimately makes the empirical validity of the theory weakened. Green and Shapiro’s examination of the phenomenon of voting behavior is another major example that shows these problems rational choice theory innately possesses. â€Å"In a real-world election with a large electorate, it is instrumentally irrational for anyone to case a ballot, since no single vote has more than an infinitesimal chance of deciding the outcome. Whether one favors selfish or selfless ends, virtually any activity in pursuit of those ends would be more effective than the time spent on voting and on educating oneself about candidates and issues. Yet hundreds of millions of people do vote. For rational choice theory, this would appear to be a gigantic anomaly† (Friedman 6); As noted earlier, rational choice theory presumes that an agent of the model seeks best possible outcomes to maximize his or her utility in given constraints. However, according to Green and Shapiro, in a real-world voting behavior does not confirm this assumption of rational choice theory where voters cast a ballot without having enough time to assess or predict its possible outcome and realizing whether his or her action of voting maximize benefit or not. Another issue raised by Green and Shapiro is free riding problem; While voters can easily pursue a free riding action on the efforts of others to help the cause succeed, there is no need for people to devote resources of time and money to cause desired results. In other words, â€Å"rational choice theory would seem to be refuted not only by people who vote, but by those who contribute small amounts of money to political campaigns, attend rallies, and engage in other forms of collective action designed to secure goals whose achievement is independent of the efforts of any single participant† (Friedman 7). As seen from Green and Shapiro’s founding, most criticisms of rational choice theory seem to be that the assumptions of the theory are not literally and completely true. No model can pass such a test, as all theories abstract from reality in certain way. Determining the empirical validity of a model would therefore seem to involve an examination of both feasibility of assumptions and conformity with real-world data. The most basic assumption of rational choice theory is that the primary unit of analysis is the individual decision-maker. Those who believe that groups are fundamental have criticized this assumption. This issue of so called, â€Å"methodological individualism† are dealt in many contexts in the social sciences. In the book, â€Å"Rational Choice Theory: Advocacy and Critique†, Coleman and Fararo argues that models of purposive action or rational choice model can be useful in explaining and predicting human behavior. They further their argument by saying that â€Å"because the values and beliefs of individuals are shaped primarily by the socializing influences of society, especially as mediated through social relationships with significant other, an understanding of the culture and structure of societies and of the positions of individuals within them is necessary† (Coleman and Fararo 22). According to Coleman and Fararo, major problem for applying rational choice model particularly into Economics and Political Science, in which the primary interest has been in aggregate level outcomes, â€Å"is that the postulate of purposive action has been linked to arbitrary and narrow assumptions about what individuals value and believe† (Coleman Fararo 33). Also the assumption that human behavior is narrowly self-interested and the use of the term rationality to refer to the efficient pursuit of economic benefits has often produced incorrect assumption that rational choice model are innately egoistic; â€Å"that they regard individuals as calculating the expected benefit to themselves of alternative lines of action and acting accordingly (Coleman and Fararo 34). Recent empirical evidences suggest that human beings are capable of acting in ways for the interests of others or the social group above their self-interest, which implies that the assumption of individual’s pursuit of self-interest does not match with reality. Coleman and Fararo further their discussion of this â€Å"methodological individualism† by arguing that a social norm can be one primary example, which refutes the basic assumption of rational choice model. According to Coleman and Fararo, â€Å"When a social norm is know to have been violated, some type of formal or informal sanction will result† (Coleman Fararo 35). Formal sanction like a legal code or a set of rules and informal sanction like a disapproval or social ostracism would affect individual’s choice making process. Therefore, unlike the basic assumption of rational choice model suggests that human behavior is oriented from self-interest, by the effect of social norms and values, individuals can consequently act in altruistic or selfless way for pursuing the interests of groups they are involved in. Because of its limit and problematic nature of rational choice theory, the need for alternative explanation has become necessary for many scholars who criticize the theory. Dennis Chong provides some insights for the possible alternative of rational choice theory in his article, â€Å"Rational Choice Theory’s Mysterious Rivals†. According to Chong, even though Green and Shapiro’s critique against rational choice theory has failed to provide complete form of alternative explanation, there are some theoretical debates and discussions that suggest possible theoretical replacement or revision. Chong argues that, â€Å"Green and Shapiro occasionally allude to the influence of social-psychological and moral factors† such as group loyalties, emotions, political identities, ideology, obligation, and altruism (Friedman 47). As found in Coleman and Fararo’s arguments that institutional or social factors can affect individual’s choice making process, many scholars further their discussion of this social motivation as the alternative of rational choice theory. In his article, â€Å"When Rationality Fails†, Michael Taylor argues that social identification and intrinsic motivation can explain some of significant social phenomenon and collective action that has been ignored by rational choice theory; â€Å"If a person defines herself as a member of a group, or if her membership in a group is made cognitively salient, then she is more likely to observe the group’s norms and cooperate with group members in social dilemmas† (Friedman 230). For intrinsic motivation, Taylor explains that there are some activities that are intrinsically motivating people to be participated such as interesting work, volunteering, and political activities. In this case the activity itself or enjoyment of that activity is the reward for people. When extrinsic rewards like money are introduced, intrinsic motivation would diminish (Friedman 231). By suggesting the concept of social identification and intrinsic motivation, problems of rational choice model for explaining some collective action can be resolved. In this paper, a sense of how rational choice theory works and of its methodological foundations has been introduced. It has also been noticed that rational choice theory is not an ultimate answer. The theory is subject to a number of criticisms, but there is no doubt that its influence in various fields of study have brought tremendous amounts of theoretical debates, and increased the depth of economic, sociological, and political discussions. It is impossible to attain complete knowledge about anything, especially social phenomena. However, it is certain that rational choice approach is one of most crucial theoretical resources for human beings to explore and examine to gain this ultimate answer. It can be useful or misleading, depending on how it is treated. It is responsibility of remaining and future scholars and people to correctly apply and use this theory with open-minded attitude.

Model Of Nursing And Orems Self Care Model Nursing Essay

Model Of Nursing And Orems Self Care Model Nursing Essay Salvage (2006) reports the RLT model is based on what is considered as twelve activities of living. The model determines that physical/biological, psychological, sociocultural, environmental and politicoeconomical factors all influence the way in which an individual performs these activities of living (Salvage, 2006). Healy and Timmins (2003) further add that activities of living are one of five main components that are all interconnected. Progression along the lifespan, the dependence/independence continuum, factors influencing the activities of living and the individuality in living completing the final four components. They state the model is one that focuses on the patient as an individual engaged in living throughout a lifespan and moving from dependence to independence according to age, circumstances and environment (Healy Timmins, 2003, p. 792). Healy and Timmins (2003) identify the model is used to identify a patients abilities in each of the twelve activities of living and use this data as a guide to develop an individualised care plan. Meleis (2012) defines Orems framework as one that identifies patients needs and the resulting nursing intervention necessary to enhance self-care. Johnson and Webber (2010) explain Orems Model has three interrelated concepts theory of self-care, theory of self-care deficit and theory of nursing systems. According to Orem, people require assistance when their ability to meet their own self-care needs becomes compromised (Horan, 2004). Orem identifies three categories of self-care common to all people, believing when an individual is unable to meet these needs a self-care deficit occurs (Berman et al, 2012; Fitzpatrick Whall, 2005). Orems model assesses a patients self-care ability to determine the deficit in meeting their own care. Once the deficit is established, one of five methods can be implemented to meet the patients self-care needs. Depending on the patients abilities to perform their own self-care, one of three nursing systems is utilized to meet the needs of the patient (Be rman et al, 2012). Nurses have a responsibility to consider legal and ethical issues that need to be employed when performing health assessments. Legal issues, according to Berman et al (2012) include consent, confidentiality, duty of care and negligence whilst ethical issues include non-maleficence, beneficence, respect for autonomy and justice. Otherwise known as the four principles of bioethics (Atkins, Britton de Lacey, 2011, p. 88). The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council [ANMC] have developed codes and guidelines that are a minimum standard of practice that a nurse is expected to maintain. When performing health assessments nurses must perform within their scope of practice which is based on education, knowledge, competency, extent of experience and lawful authority (ANMC, 2008). Atkins, Britton and de Lacey (2011) identify the position of power a nurse holds over a patient because of their inability to meet certain self-care needs and their reliance on the assistance of a nurse. They describe the relationship that exists between nurse and patient as a fiduciary relationship (Atkins, Britton de Lacey, 2011, p. 82). Central to this relationship is cooperation with the patient, with him/her an active member of the decision making process (Atkins, Britton de Lacey, 2011). It is recognised that the nurse has technical knowledge and expert advice however lacks sufficient knowledge and authority over a patients life. Therefore the nurse lacks the expertise to make significant decisions without the patients consent. A patient must consent to any health assessment being performed, however, the nurse first must provide sufficient and relevant information about the assessment being undertaken. Any framework implemented in the nursing environment will always come with strengths and limitations. Whilst not practising the Self-Care Model as Orem packaged it, Johnson and Webber (2010) state nurses have embraced the logic of self-care as therapeutic. This has resulted in them focusing their care focused towards helping patients meet their self-care needs rather than performing these for them. This promotes patient independence and maximizes nursing resource. Nurses have integrated principles of the model into diverse practice settings including different cultures and the world. Horan (2004) presented the use of Orems model in the field of intellectual disability and initially believed the model was too complex for successful application in this arena. His view changed when he saw the benefit the model provided to cater for individuals, with total care for one patient or just education and support for another. Meleis (2012) highlights the versality of the model with its use in preoperative and postoperative care, psychiatric, palliative and HIV patient care, ranging from geriatric patients to adolescents and children. Fitzpatrick and Whall (2005) identify the model is relevant, noting its implementation in many health care institutions. Ths suggesting the model is flexible and adaptable to form an individual care plan that will meet an array of patient needs. Orems model provides a framework for intervention and in her own words states self-care deficit theory of nursing will fit into any nursing situation because it is a general theory, that is, an explanat ion of what is common to all nursing situations, not just an explanation of an individual situation (Meleis, 2012, p. 208). Irrespective of these strengths, Johnson and Webber (2010) believe Orems model is detailed and burdened with complicated language. Meleis (2012) supports their idea, suggesting the model is ambiguous, lacks clarity and can result in misinterpretation. Fitzpatrick and Whall (2005) state the theory can be viewed as culturally biased due to the fact it relies on principles such as autonomy, self-determinism and self-reliance. Principles that are not adopted in all cultures. Orems model addresses how nursing actions function to enhance health therefore being a valuable tool in the lives of those whose ability to self-care is thwarted. However, Fitzpatrick and Whall (2005) argue it may not make the same impact in health prevention care and promoting health. They claim its focus on self-care deficits resulting from health problems excludes a health promotion focus. Meleis (2012) supports this claim concluding that as nursing shifts to more community focus, the model will need to be supplemented with focus on health prevention and promotion care. Johnson and Webber (2010) identify that nursing would benefit from principles from a range of frameworks to enhance holistic assessment rather than limiting its practice to the boundaries of one single framework. This essay has discussed RLT Model of Nursing and Orems Self-Care Model as health care frameworks that can be used when collecting heath assessment data. It outlined legal and ethical issues underpinning the nurse-patient relationship and how these must direct any interaction with the patient when conducting health assessment. Finally, it brought attention to the strengths and weaknesses when using Orems Self-Care Model, evidence showing whilst there are limitations to the model, there are attributes that make it valuable. Whilst the clarity of the model seemed questionable due to language used, the ability the model has to cater for patients with varying capacities proved it flexible and adaptable, encouraging and promoting patient independence.

Legendary Betsy Ross and the American Flag Essay -- American America H

Legendary Betsy Ross and the American Flag The American flag has long been a symbol of our country, but there have been certain doubts about its origin. No one really knows who sewed the American flag. The legend of Betsy Ross has been told many times, but some people look upon it as a myth, saying Betsy Ross never even existed. Betsy Ross was indeed a real person who lived in the 1700's, but no one can prove she actually sewed the American Flag. Betsy Ross did not have an extremely interesting childhood. She was born Elizabeth Griscom on January 1, 1752, to a Quaker couple. Her father's name was Samuel Griscom, who worked as a carpenter. The Quakers were "members of the religious society of friends." (Comptons 1). She lived in Philadelphia, and attended a Friends School while growing up (Walters 335). Betsy Ross married three times, but her first marriage was to a man named John Ross in an upholstery shop where she was a seamstress at age 21. John Ross was the son of an Episcopal clergyman (Compton's 1). Their parents were against the marriage because John was not a Quaker, and so the two eloped together to Glouchester, New Jersey, on November 4, 1773 (Walters 335). After that, the Friends disowned her because she was married out of meeting. John Ross was a patriot. He owned an upholstery shop on Arch Street, Philadelphia. John, like many patriots served in the local militia. One December night in 1775 he was guarding astore of gunpowder when it exploded. He died January 21, 1776, after being severely wounded, leaving his widowed wife of three years behind with no children (Walters 335). After his tragic death, Betsy Ross continued the business alone. Betsy Ross married two other times. After John Ross's death,... ...rians believe that the story of Betsy Ross is pure fiction, but they do not know where the American flag could have originated from. The American flag is a symbol of our country, and it is sad that the legend of Betsy Ross cannot be proven. I believe that the legend of Betsy Ross will continue to be told to keep alive this piece of American history. Works Cited "Betsy Ross." Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia. CD ROM. 1996. Crouthers, David D. Flags of American History. Maplewood: C.S. Hammond and Co., 1962. Davidson, James W., and Michael B. Stoff. The American Nation. Eaglewood Cliffs: Paramount Communications, 1995. Seeden, Margaret. Star Spangled Banner. Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society, 1993. Tonn, MaryJane Hooper. You're a Grand Old Flag. Ideals Publishing, n.d. Waters, John J. "Betsy Ross." The New Book of Knowledge, 1991.

Restaurant Review Essay -- essays research papers

Restaurant Review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was rainy, crowded and loud at the entrance, the smell of cigarette and rum filled the air of the lobby area. It was Saturday night at the T.G.I.F in San Francisco, the Giant’s were playing so the place was packed and fans were being loud. The restaurant is located on a corner nearby Pier 39 and it almost has an Aspen look to it. The building itself is made of bricks with big colorful windows and huge cherry finished wooden doors with brass handles. Inside, the walls are cherry wood and covered with big mirrors and stuffed dear heads. The tables and chairs are all dark wood with a very rich red color. The atmosphere inside almost had an Irish pub feel to it, people were very happy and socializing loud, laughter filled the air. Men argued about whose team was better, young people laughing at jokes and friends, there were televisions tuned to sports.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The staff there were all clean cut and very down to earth but yet nice and helpful. Although we were a party of 15 and the place was packed, the wait was only 15 minutes. They sat us down and we had a waitress with us promptly to take our drink order. There cuisine is more along the line of good old fashioned Americana food. Fried foods, ribs, barbeque and burgers. They have a small variety of salads and soups but it had something for everyone, whether in a diet or not. There prices are reasonable for the amount and quality ...

Creative Essay: Why Are There Poor People -- essays research papers

Creative Essay: Why Are There Poor People   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Looking back on my childhood, I realize how lucky I was to be blessed with the family I have. Knowing what I know now, I have come to understand that not every kid had the same life that I had. Not every child had a living room full of gifts on Christmas morning, or a family to share a birthday with. I was lucky enough to have all of the luxuries that so many children yearn for. So many children take for granted the fact that they eat three meals a day, while so many others are lucky to find a scrap of bread in a dumpster.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It wasn't until I was about nine or ten when I realized that there were poor people in the world. My family and I had been on our annual trip to New York City to see ...

Lexicogrammar Essay

Modality refers to the expression of speakers’ opinion or attitude towards the proposition that the sentence expresses or the situation that the proposition describes, or the speakers’ judgment of the likelihood of the proposition being true. While modal auxiliaries are â€Å"helping words†, functioning as helpers to make up verb phrases, they are prohibited from being used independently. The present study attempts to conduct a corpus-based study on three modal auxiliaries should, ought to and must with regard to their collocations, colligations, as well as semantic features in Chinese learners’ oral productions. This study reveals that Chinese learners overused should and must a great deal as compared against the native speaker data, while they used ought to much less frequently than native speakers. As for collocations, the observed frequencies of the collocates of these three modal auxiliaries, as shown in the two corpora, are different, but those frequently co-occurring words of the three modal verbs, as have appeared in the two sets of dataï ¼Å'are more or less the same. Key Words: Deontic modal meaning, Epistemic modal meaning, Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis, Colligation, Semantic features, nativelikenessï ¼Å'modal auxiliaries Introduction Medals, known as small words, perform particular functions in both written and oral communication. This thesis is devoted to an analysis of three modal auxiliaries, namely should, ought to and must. It aims to find out how Chinese learners use these three medals and their differences from native speakers in four aspects: frequency, collocation, colligation and semantic features. Significance: Modal auxiliaries belong to a group of small words yet performing particular functions. Present study may be of some help in two ways. Firstly, it may help students notice their shortcomings in using those modal auxiliaries compared with native speakers and think over the reasons, thus to help them improve their communication ability. Secondly, it may provide teachers with some implications for language teaching, raising their awareness of the importance of natural and authentic language resources in teaching and research, and encouraging them to use more effective teaching methods to help students with their English learning. It is also hoped that the results of this study will shed some light on the common problems of the use of modality in EFL speaking environment. Purpose: English modal auxiliaries play an important role in language communicationï ¼Å'as well as in second language acquisition. The study aims to provide some useful information for English learning, teaching and research. We will investigate and describe the characteristics of the collocations, colligations and semantic features. This study also aims to find out some causes of the differences between the two target groups of English-users’ uses of three chosen modals in their speeches. It is hoped that the findings of this study will give a deep understanding of how frequently the three modal auxiliaries are used by Chinese EFL speakers and contribute to the teaching and teaching reforms in the future. This thesis will probe into these issues through Contrastive Intedanguage Analysis. In the whole study, the following major questions are to be addressed: 1. Is there nativelikeness shown in the speakers’ representation of the four modal auxiliaries will would, shall and should, their related chunks with not, have and of their related tenses and subjunctive mood by EFL speakers and L2 speakers? 2. What are the problems found in Chinese EFL speakers in their learning the four modal auxiliaries will would, hall, and should, their related chunks with notï ¼Å'have and of their related tenses and subjunctive mood as a result of the comparison with those of L2 speakers and native speakers from a quantitative perspective? If anyï ¼Å'what are the possible causes of the found problems? 3. What is the tense and subjunctive mood distribution of the four modal auxiliaries used by Chinese EFL speakers in contrast with native speakers as a result of the qualitative analysis? Structure: The present dissertation falls into 5 chapters focusing on the listed research questions: 1. Introduction: significance, purpose, questions to be answered, how the idea is originated, sketches out the outline 2. Definitions of key terms to describing the theoretical foundations, reviews, set up the main framework 3. depicts research design (data and instruments), methodology, procedures 4. main body, negative forms, affirmative forms, contracted forms, original forms, future tenses and subjunctive mood, results(quality and quantity) 5. conclusion, major findings presents pedagogical implications and limitations of the study, suggestions

Montage and New Wave Film Essay

The differences between soviet montage and French new wave cinema are interesting and many. Both genres of film seek to create contrast between adjacent shots via discontinuity editing, but subtle differences in their editing styles allow this contrast to produce very different results. In French new wave editing is used to both draw the audience in, and push them away, it draws the audience’s attention and inspires distaste. Soviet montage on the other hand uses editing not as a method of controlling the audience’s focus, but as a way to create ideas. An analysis of the editing in the Godard’s â€Å"Breathless† and Eisenstein’s â€Å"Battleship Potemkin† will highlight these different effects. In â€Å"Breathless†, the first use of editing to keep the audience’s attention is in the scene where Micheal shoots the cop. In this scene Goddard makes use of editing to twist and distort time. The audience hears the cop tell Micheal â€Å"Stop, or i’ll kill you† in a calm voice at nearly the same time that Micheal cocks the gun. Immediately thereafter we jump cut to Micheal firing the gun and jump cut again to the police office falling to the ground as he is shot. From a narrative point of view it is understood that these events do not take place so close to each other. The events happen in much too quick a succession to mimic reality. The jump cuts elapse time in an odd uncomfortable manner. It can be argued that this is jarring, and distasteful, but it is exactly this jarring and distaste that makes this scene so fascinating. Rushing through the event which is clearly the inciting action of the film (flying in the face of CHC) yields a certain fascination with this scene that typical CHC could not hope to match. An effect similar to the one described above is present in the scene where Micheal and Patricia track down Micheal’s money in the taxi. This exemplifies the use of new wave editing to focus the audience’s attention on the visual. In this scene, the visual difference between shots is minimal. If one were to imagine it without the jump cuts it would be long and monolithic but the prolific use of jump cuts counters this would-be-dullness. Once again the jump cuts elapse time and quickens the pace of the scene artificially. The audience hears Micheal barking orders at the drive in succession that is faster that he speaks in the story, and they understand that this artificial fast precisely because of the jump cuts and he obviousness in which they are presented. In this way Goddard is able to present a potentially long and dull car ride in the story much faster in the plot. Unlike the previously discussed scene, this scene does not quicken the pace past the point of comfort, it is intentionally fast paced and helps to excite the audience. First lets take the Odessa Steps scene from â€Å"Battleship Potemkin†. This scene feels almost as if it is a CHC film. Shots are spliced together smoothly and invisibly. The audience is never jarred by

Chapter 3

Multiple Choice Questions (10 points each) Select the ONE, BEST Answer 1. Adjusting entries: A. Affect only income statement accounts. B. Affect only balance sheet accounts. C. Affect both income statement and balance sheet accounts. D. Affect only cash flow statement accounts. E. Affect only equity accounts. 2. An adjusting entry could be made for each of the following except: A. Prepaid expenses. B. Depreciation. C. Owner withdrawals. D.Unearned revenues. E. Accrued revenues. 3. Accrued revenues: A. At the end of one accounting period often result in cash receipts from customers in the next period. B. At the end of one accounting period often result in cash payments in the next period. C. Are also called unearned revenues. D. Are listed on the balance sheet as liabilities. E. Are recorded at the end of an accounting period because cash has already been received for revenues earned. 4.On May 1, 2007 Giltus Advertising Company received $1,500 from Julie Bee for advertising services t o be completed April 30, 2008. The Cash receipt was recorded as unearned fees and at December 31, 2007, $1,000 of the fees had been earned. The adjusting entry on December 31 Year 1 should include: A. A debit to Unearned Fees for $500. B. A credit to Unearned Fees for $500. C. A credit to Earned Fees for $1,000. D. A debit to Earned Fees for $1,000. E. A debit to Earned Fees for $500. Problem (60 points) SHOW ALL WORKA company has 20 employees who each earn $500 per week for a 5-day week that begins on Monday. December 31 of Year 1 is a Monday, and all 20 employees worked that day. (a) Prepare the required adjusting journal entry to record accrued salaries on December 31, 2004. (b) Prepare the journal entry to record the payment of salaries on January 4, 2005. Dec. 31st, 2004DrCr Salaries expense$2,000 Salaries payable$2,000 Jan. 4, 2005 DrCr Salary expense$8,000 Salary payable$2,000 Cash Paid$10,000 Chapter 3

How Digital Technology Reduce Cost in Movie Industrial

For many years, in the movie industry, it has used film as the medium on which to allocate and play back tapes. Film which is easy to use, and movie theaters have knowledge in owning and operating that projection Systems. But it is also posh. A one line or a single film print, for example, can cost as much as US$2,000 to form and weigh over 50 pounds approx. A movie in broad release is usually shown on more than 4,000 screens approx, which can mean a charge approx US$8 million in prints plus the cost of shipping heavy film canisters to movie theaters about the globe.Further, a film print lasts only for roughly about 30–40 showings, as a result printing and shipping costs for flourishing movies can easily be twice or thrice as a film prints carry out and it is need to be replaced. Now, the high cost of movie circulation is regarding to change as well as the movie industry transitions in to the digital distribution and playback of show. With digital cinema, movies are disseminat ed via hard drive or satellite, avoiding the need to generate and ship costly, heavy film prints.Once at the show business, movies are stored as digitally and played back using digital projectors. Movies stored on digital media but do not wear out as film prints do, as a result, they do not need to be replaced for the duration of long runs. Overall, the movie industry anticipates such incredible capital savings from the switch to digital media sharing that it is expected to convert entirely from of film in to digital media in the next few years or coming time. Digital cinema offers major benefits in to theater owners as well.Distinct film prints, in digital cinema it does not limit the number of screens showing a given or running movie, as a result each theater compound or complex desires only single copy of a particular movie. In addition, theater owners can use digital projection equipment to show non-movie entertainment such as sports, live music and etc. However, picture theater s must experience a technology renovation for digital cinema to work changing from tried and true film based projection systems to projection and digital luggage compartment.Many theater owners are unenthusiastic to switch to a digital infrastructure because they are anxiously concerned about the cost and manageability of such an environment. To help those movie theaters formulate the transition in to digital technology, the Dell OEM Industry Solutions Group is working with digital cinema salespersons to develop a full-bodied, highly performance solution that is also expenditure effective and straightforward or easy to support .Worldwide movie theaters are rapidly switching since film-based movie projection in to digital playback technology enormously. To help theaters commencing manage this changeover, the Dell OEM Industry Solutions Group has developed a money-spinning, highly performance digital cinema solution that is designed to be dependable and simply easy to support this (Fl int, 2007). As video on demand (VOD) services are deployed, cable operators will experience a fundamental reallocate in their industry, moving from broadcast to uncast content delivery.There is another momentous change is the introduction of Gigabit Ethernet into their network, which is hugely providing an unprecedented opportunity it to turn the cable operator's infrastructure into a sustainable ready for action advantage. However, Gigabit Ethernet is much more than just transport; it is the establishment of the Next-Generation Digital Video Network. This is very huge part in our life (Taub, 2009). Digital technology helps us to consume time timely in our work and that will be very countable work in our in our industrial environment, due to this the work will be also automatic because of machinery based work.And further there is a total investment in first time when u plant your machine there is no basic salaries, allowances and etc . due to digital effect the competition increasin g will be also eligible in an industry ,digital technology has the potential to reduce distribution cost a physical movie print price $1000 approx each. Though, we have seen that the digital technology is more than important technology in our future world.

Causes and Effects of Violence in Schools Essay

1.0 Report Objectives Sacred Heart School is an education institution. The Headmaster Mr Keenan would like to know why violence exists in the school grounds and the effects of violence and what can be done to eliminate this. This report is an analysis of the causes and effects of violence and suggested solutions to reduce the percentage of violence that exists on the school grounds. 1.2 Historical Background There are approximately 1500 students in this school, offering 8 different subjects. There are at least 5 teachers in each faculty, coming up to a total of 40 teachers. The percentage of violence that exists in the school grounds is steadily increasing, in different forms, between teachers as well as students, right from the Kindergarten classes up to the Advanced Level. The Headmaster of the school, Mr Zia Keenan wants this issue to be analysed deeply in order to draw up solutions to minimize violence. 1.3 Report Preview Firstly, the causes of violence are analysed to understand the root of the problem. Secondly, the effects of violence are evaluated to understand how serious this problem is. Thirdly, various potential solutions are suggested that could help minimize the percentage of violence. II. CAUSES 2.1 Abuse One of the major aspects of violence in schools is bullying. This could be because of lack of supervision and monitoring of children and/or teachers. Another form of abuse is displayed in the way some cannot control sexual urges and hence make advances on others. In defense, the victim retaliates. Vandalism takes place as a way of expressing emotion. It is a way to get back at the school and dictating teachers or peers. Students may be looking for ways to redeem themselves from orthodox individuals who believe that the only way to discipline students is by being strict with them. In this way, violence takes place. 2.2 Exposure to violence and harmful substances or items Exposure to violence influences one’s thoughts and actions. Weapons or dangerous toys like knives and pellet guns are easily available. This accessibility does little to prevent violence from taking place amongst individuals. Some individuals have been exposed to violence because they come from dysfunctional families or backgrounds. Exposure to violence, such as on television, video games, etc. as researched by Psychological Science in the Public Interest (Anderson, C. A. et al, 2003) leads to individuals imitating those acts. Hence they do not have proper judgment of what is right and wrong. They experiment with harmful substances which further damages this sense of discernment. â€Å"Easily available drugs add to the risk of violence.† (DHHS, 2001). When a person is ‘under the influence’, they are not themselves and are unable to think rationally. This leads to fights, disputes etc. as individuals are not in total control of themselves. This is related to peer pressure as an individual may have tried these substances or items because others have egged them on. They may have also been encouraged to pick on others and take part in fights, through no will nor motive of their own. As a result of which fights, violence and abuse occurs. 2.3 Lack of information Psychological problems hamper one’s way of life. They do not know how to deal with their raw emotions or self-related/emotional problems like stress and depression, for example. Some have biological problems, like ADD and Tourrette’s Syndrome. They cannot control their behavior. Other students may not understand this and reciprocate. Carol Miller Lieber, an educator at Washington University believes that violence in schools is a result of lack of information. Lack of information leads to conflict as individuals do not know how to solve problems that involve others, or their intolerance towards certain characteristics or behavior. They lack understanding. Therefore they take out their aggression on each other (Constitutional Rights Foundation, n.d.) III. EFFECTS 3.1 More violence and disorder The victims themselves turn into bullies. It is a never-ending cycle. If a  person was bullied, then he reciprocates. They can also become social outcasts, which hamper their learning of lessons in school, as well as in life. Violence in school grounds creates barriers to learning as victims are afraid to go to school, and hence they drop out. Furthermore, such intolerance and lack of information can further grow into racism or discrimination. This can give way to legal issues. It has a multiplier effect and can lead to more violence in society. There is a possibility that these individuals may later engage in criminal activity. In 1999, â€Å"Olweus, D., Limber, S., & Mihalic, S. claimed that 40 percent of the boys who were bullies – compared to 10% of those who were neither victims nor bullies – had three or more convictions by age 24† (Christeson, W. et al, 2003: 10).Fig 1.1 3.2 Psychological problems Sexual violence can give way to phobias. It may affect some so badly that they become incapable of trusting and communicating with others, out of fear. Victims end up with emotional problems, such as depression. They may want to take revenge as well, leading to more violence. Even teachers, who are potential victims of violence, can suffer from depression and low self-esteem. In 1993, the 27th Annual Survey of High Achievers calculated that among students, â€Å"26% had considered committing suicide, 4% had attempted suicide, 18% knew someone their own age who had committed suicide, and 41% knew another teen-ager who had attempted suicide†. (National School Safety Center, 2006: 24). The following graph appeared in a report by Fight Crime: Invest in Kids, written by Christeson W., Elliott D.S., Fox J.A. Kelikowske R.G., and Newman S.A. (2003) displayed that 52% of students who were bullied were either depressed or suicidal. 48% of them were not bullied or bullies themselves. Fi g. 1.2 3.3 Use of harmful substances and items Exposure to violence may make individuals irresponsible and encourage them to believe that the only way to deal with things is by being violent themselves – they carry weapons for protection. A survey carried out by USA Weekend found that 55% of the students knew that weapons were regularly carried to school (National School Safety Center, 2006: 32). Another graph that appeared in Fight Crime: Invest in Kids (2003) showed that 51% of the kids  who never bullied or were bullied at least once a week in school carried weapons. The remaining were Fig 1.3 injured in fights and were under the care of doctors or nurses. In addition, to deal with depression or psychological problems, one may resort to harmful substances like drugs. He may not be able to find a job because of traces of drugs found in his blood. His health is danger and these substances can lead to serious consequences. IV. SOLUTIONS 4.1 More attention should be given Parents, teachers and students should be made aware of and prepared for such occurrences. They should be taught how to handle with such situations. Teachers should be around on the school grounds whenever possible to make sure that the children as well as students behave in the way that they ought to. Teachers and students should also not hesitate to notify higher authorities if warnings are not received well. Higher authorities must not ignore such complaints. The school and faculty members should befriend the students rather than rule over them. They should have and encourage ethical behavior. Parents/friends/teachers should be encouraged to become better role models. 4.2 Programs Seminars could be held where individuals are taught to speak up against acts of abuse. They should be made aware of the effects of their actions as well as the effects of weapons, drugs, tobacco, alcohol, etc. Workshops could be held where one is taught to relieve stress in a positive manner, e.g. by writing, playing an instrument, anger management sessions, etc. School counselors should be hired to help students with emotional/self-related issues as well biological problems. The school should be made aware of such problems, and be informed about how to deal with them. Programs such as The Olweus Bullying Prevention should be adapted, as advised by Christeson, Elliot, Fox, Kelikowske, and Newman (2003) in order to help prevent bullying. 4.3 Rules and regulations Another way to reduce violence would be to pass laws. Weapons, drugs, etc. should not be sold to under-age people, for instance. Harmful weapons and substances should be confiscated upon sight. If other students know that  someone is carrying a weapon, s/he should inform an authoritative figure. This would help minimize chances of violence taking place. V. CONCLUSION In conclusion, violence has many causes, such as self-related issues, inability to express emotions (in a positive way), irresponsibility, poor self-control, peer pressure, lack of information, a response to prior acts of violence, easy accessibility to harmful substances/items, exposure to violence and ignorant guardians/supervisors. While violence is a universal problem and cannot be entirely wiped out, it can be reduced with proper education, (personality enhancement) workshops, awareness programs, sufficient attention from guardians or peers, taking action against those who do not act in the interest of others, passing laws, and people available to help those going through self-related problems, like counselors. This issue, if not dealt with as soon as possible will ruin the reputation of Sacred Heart School. Even if a small difference is made by adapting these solutions, it is still a difference nonetheless. VI. REFERENCE LIST Anderson, C. A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L. R., Johnson, J. D., Linz, D., Malamuth, N. M., Wartella, E., 2003, ‘The Influence of Media Violence on Youth’, American Psychological Society, [online], Vol. 4, No. 3. Available: http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf [Accessed: 13/02/08] Christeson W., Elliott D. S., Fox, J. A., Kerlikowske R. G., Newman S. A., 2003, ‘Bullying Prevention is Crime Prevention’, Fight Crime: Invest in Kids, [online], p. 9-11. Available: http://www.fightcrime.org/reports/BullyingReport.pdf [Accessed: 13/02/08] Constitutional Rights Foundation, n.d., Creating Alternatives to Violence, Available: http://www.crf-usa.org/violence/alternative.html [Accessed: 13/02/08] National School Safety Center, 2006, School Safety Statistics, p. 24. Available: http://www.schoolsafety.us/pubfiles/school_crime_and_violence_statistics.pdf [Accessed: 13/02/08] National School Safety Center, 2006, School Safety Statistics, p. 32. Available: http://www.schoolsafety.us/pubfiles/school_crime_and_violence_statistics.pdf [Accessed: 13/02/08] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001, Youth violence: a report of the Surgeon General. Available: www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/youthviolence [Accessed: 13/02/08]

Stability between Islamic and Conventional Banking In Relation To Research Paper

Stability between Islamic and Conventional Banking In Relation To Customer Confidence - Research Paper Example A conventional bank is regarded as a financial intermediary, which receives money and deposits, and channels those deposits into lending activities, along with paying and collecting cheques for its customers. During business activities, conventional banks offer several other services and facilities to its customers. Thus, it can be asserted as a bank links together its customers that have capital deficits and capital surpluses. Conversely, an Islamic bank consists of the principle of developing Islamic economics through banking activities. During the last few decades, Islamic banking industry has experienced a sustainable growth rate of around 10-15% per annum. At the same time, it is also observed that this industry is steadily growing towards conventional financial systems (Sole, 2007). According to the observation, it is determined that the Islamic banking industry not only operates its functions in major Muslim populated countries, but also it has operated its banking activities in low crowded Muslim countries such as the United Kingdom, Malaysia and Japan among others. Consequently, the Islamic banking industry has granted its banking license for expanding its banking operations in several countries such as India and Syria among others. Besides, it has been acknowledged that Islamic banking industry has in excess of 300 branches among 51 countries around the world where Islamic banking system is followed (Sole, 2007). In terms of key products offered to the customers in both the banks they include mortgages (home loan), car loans, personal loans along with credit facility.