Barley production in the United States Essay Example for Free

Barley production in the United States Essay Share of US in global barley production is decreasing and about 1% drop can be clearly seen from 2000 to 2005. Currently US produces about 3. 5% of the total global production. European Union, Russia, Canada and Australia lead the pack. In US the barley is produced mainly in North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Minnesota and South Dakota. These six states account for about 80% of the US barley production. The area under barley cultivation in these six states are 1. 05, 0. 80, 0. 56, 0. 21, 0. 12 and 0. 06 million acres for the states North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Minnesota and South Dakota respectively in 2006 (fapri. missouri 2006). In US the area under cultivation of barley and wheat is continuously decreasing while that under corn and soyabean is increasing. Total area under barley cultivation has decreased from 9 million acres in 1991 to about 3. 5 million acres in 2006 and accordingly the total production of barley has also decreased from about 9 million ton in 1991 to just 4. 4 million ton in 2005. US production averages 400 million bushels per year with an annual value of $923 million as a raw commodity (1988 1997). In USA production of the malt barley is mainly in the western states. Of the barley consumed domestically, approximately 55% of the barley crop is used for animal feed 39% for malt production 3. 5% as seed 1. 7% in food products Total value of the annual barley crop is $184 million for barley and milled products $48 million for malt and malt extracts $332 million for beer. US production represents 5-10% of the world production. Largest importers of US barley are Japan and Mexico. Malting and Brewing It is imperative to examine the malting, brewing and fermentation process in primarily to understand the quality requirements for the barley to be use for production of beer. Various unit processes in production of beer are – making malt, drying and milling of malt, producing wort, brewing, fermentation, maturation and bottling. We will examine each of the unit processes in somewhat detail. In the malt house, barley grain germination is initiated by the uptake of water in a steeping vessel. The grain imbibes water during controlled cycles of water spraying or water immersion followed by aeration, until the water content of the grain reaches 42 to 48%. Water enters the grain via the embryo, and after approximately 24 hours, the first visible sign of germination is the appearance of the root, as a white chit. The grains are then transferred to malting beds where germination is allowed to proceed over a period of around 5 days. The speed of germination is controlled by temperature and aeration of the malt bed, while moisture content is maintained by spraying. Further embryo growth, with the appearance of rootlets and acrospires, can lead to root entangling. The grain bed is regularly turned with a rotating screw to prevent grains matting together. Green malt, produced after five days of germination, is kiln dried and partly cooked in a forced flow of hot air. Hydrolases produced during malting are partially inactivated during this process. Malt color, enhanced by kilning at higher temperatures, may be desirable for production of darker beer, but it leads to further heat-inactivation of hydrolases. The brittle malt rootlets are separated from the malt and utilized in animal feeds. The kilned malt is stable for storage and has a friable texture suitable for the milling process which proceeds brewing. The brew house consists of brewery buildings housing machinery and equipment for the production of wort. Processes taking place here include milling of the kiln dried malt, mashing, filtration and wort boiling. The malt is milled into fine grits to ensure good access of water to grain particles in the subsequent phase of beer production. Milling energy is a good indication of malt quality, where homogeneously modified malt has a lower milling energy. Malt may be supplemented with solid adjunct, i. e. a sugar source such as flaked or roasted barley, in order to impart specific flavor or colour characteristics to the finished beer. Milled malt is mixed thoroughly with two to four volumes of water to yield mash, and subjected to a process denoted mashing that fundamentally is an extension of malting with the action of various enzymes. Boiled, gelatinized starch from maize or rice grains may be supplemented as adjunct during mashing to achieve a higher content of fermentable sugars. At the end of the mashing operation, soluble substances and residual solid particles are separated by filtration into sweet wort and spent grains, respectively. Factors influencing mash filtration are complex and range from physical effects, such as particle size, to high viscosity caused by gum and protein aggregates. In the next process in the brew house, hops are added to the wort as a source of bitter substances, which are solubilized during wort boiling ( 1 h) and give beer its characteristic taste and aroma. In addition, wort boiling serves to denature enzymes and other proteins, sterilizes the wort, and yields a darker liquid which is an excellent medium for subsequent fermentation with brewers yeast. During the primary fermentation, the fermentable sugars, mainly maltose and glucose are converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide. This action is performed by the brewing yeast, which during the brewing process also produces many of the characteristic aroma compounds found in beer. At the end of the primary fermentation, the yeast cells flocculate and sediment at the bottom of the fermenter and can be cropped and used for a new fermentation. Not all yeast cells sediment; some will remain in suspension, and these cells are responsible for maturation of the beer. During this process the off-flavor, diacetyl is degraded to below the taste threshold. The fermentation characteristics of brewers yeast are strain-dependent and are genetically inherited. Much of the genetics of Saccharomyces yeasts has been elucidated, and the knowledge gained, forms the basis for breeding of brewing yeast. Thus, new types of beer with altered aromas can be produced with yeast strains selected through breeding. After fermentation the temperature is lowered and the beer is maturated for a period during which the off-flavor component diacetyl is assimilated by yeast cells. Mature beer is then chilled to a temperature of -2 oC for a couple of days. By doing so the colloidal stability of the beer is greatly improved due to precipitation of protein-tannin complexes, which are only sparingly soluble at low temperature. The beer is now ready for final stabilization, which removes further amounts of proteinaceous matter and/or tannins, and subsequent filtration. The bright beer so obtained, and adjusted to the correct carbon dioxide content, is now ready for bottling. When the residual yeast cells have been removed it is of utmost importance that oxygen uptake is reduced as much as possible, since oxygen will damage the flavor stability of the beer and, despite intensive stabilisation, also impairs its colloidal stability. Finished beer is either bottled or canned or filled into kegs. It may be tunnel pasteurized, flash pasteurized or aseptically bottled. In either case the beer must appear fresh, bright and without faults to the customer and hence the quality is a matter of great concern. The beer must also be free from micro-organisms to ensure wholesomeness and biological stability. The ethanol content must obey fiscal rules but is also of major importance for the flavor of the beer. This is further influenced by a wide range of compounds that may be present in even very small amounts. Visually the finished beer must form nice foam on pouring; it must have an attractive colour. Despite use of the choicest raw materials and careful brewing performance the beer is a fragile liquid, especially when not stored cold. The fine balanced aroma of fresh beer is eventually replaced by a less attractive smell and likewise the taste deteriorates. The basis for this decay is a matter of intense research.

The Person That I Love the Most Essay Example for Free

The Person That I Love the Most Essay Man is a social animal, we love to live in society and found comfort in our family. It gives us ease and mental satisfaction to live among people to whom we know. It is our nature like or dislike people among whom we live. There are lots of people to whom we love or hate. I categorized three types of people to whom normally a person can love. The first type of persons are whom we love because of our natural relationship with them for instance our mother, father, daughter, son, wife, brother etc. The second type of peoples is those to whom we like because of their qualities for example we may like our mentor because the way he teaches us, we like the leader because the way he leads the nation in difficult situations, we like the scientist because the way his invention contribution to the society and so on. The third type of person to whom we love is the opposite gender. Yes this is the most widespread type of love that we can see nowadays present in most of the people. There is no age limit for having this sort of love we can see it from youngster to older ones. I will discuss here the person to I love most or I like most. This is the person whose work or invention has reshaped our lives. This is the man for whom American President Mr. Obama appraised as â€Å"Bold enough to think differently, brave enough to believe that he could change the world and talented enough to do that†. Yes, you could easily recognize him that was deceased Steve Jobs – The former Chief Executive Officer of the Apple Corporation. His nature, vision and enthusiasm have reshaped our life. Most of us are using computers, touch screen smart phones, and touch screen tablets. We are very familiar with the computer by the advent of Graphical User Interface, easily recognize computer file in the shape of icons, maven at using computer mouse; these all things have his fingerprints. He was the man behind this entire thing, this was his vision that now peoples are frenzy in using touchscreen smartphones, listening music using an Ipod. His invention of Iphone and iPod now set the standard of many things in the industry. In conclusion, I would like to state that without him we could not see the exciting things which we are now addicted to. Truly he is the man who not only made his Company the world largest in terms of market capitalization but also gave the customer more than their expectations.

The Meaning Of Life Quotes

The Meaning Of Life Quotes As you all know we all are here in this planet for a while only and our life or being born as a human is a gift irrespective of which race,creed and place you belong to.I believe that being born as a human one has to go through a mother of all possibilities of creation criterion,so I strongly believe that there is one unimaginable intelligent mind behind this creation.We are here to understand his purpose and his views.So lets make this world better like a heaven or at least we can put our best effort to do so in our small span of life,so as our future generation can see what we have once conceived and believed in. The Meaning Of Life If you try to find the meaning of life into the process of evolution, you will see that everything is in fact the fruit of evolution-not necessarily Darwinian evolution process. Evolution can be in our thinking, in our social life, in our economical life, in religious life and many more. Though we do not have any hard evidence that if the physical evolution is going on slowly or it has just stopped forever, but one thing is sure that mentally we are evolving everyday when we experience new ideas in our daily life. Perhaps evolution is the only process that we depend on for our survival; we simply cannot survive without going through some kind of evolution. We all love history. if you look back to our ancestors history you will easily notice that they used to be afraid of natural phenomena and calamities. The used to consider Mother Nature as our creator, and thought that god lives somewhere up on the sky. Many of us, still, when think about god, look at the sky, thinking that god is somewhere up in space. Perhaps, the majority of the people think God knows everything, believe that surely He can answer what is in his mind and what he only knows the true meaning of life. Actually, we need to find and make our own meaning of life, exactly the way we find peace living in a safe place, with trusted people. Life means go on, it never stops unless your life end. We humans are just walking the walk of life, where someone try to explore their life in their own way, while the others follow the path of great leaders or religious path to find meaning in life. Whatever is the meaning of life is, one thing is sure that we have human values and we al l like to live peaceful life, regardless of our genetically identity. Meaning of Life Quotes * Life is such a kind of game where there is no wining or no losing, every one just play his part and the most important is how well a person can adapt his role in this game. * We cannot blame the ONE for our fate , because in some way we are responsible for our own fate or maybe we just failed to adapt the way we have been gifted with life. * Life cannot be better than the way it is , can you imagine a better way than this * If I had given the power then I would try to see if the ONE is planning for any other from of life which is better than this .how better it can be. * Try to be a true friend of your fiancee or wife If you get married to your loved one and desire a long term faithful relationship, then imagine your wife as your best friend and give enough space to her to develop trust and faith in you. Whenever you bring up the so spouses commitment things to your relationships it becomes fragile. Try to think how come people remain friends till the end of their life and why there is breakup even within a few weeks of marriage. * Never think of marriage if your mind is unsure of a long term relationship with the one you are in love with. Try to find out if you are infatuated with some one or in real love with someone and the best way to find it by living together with her. When we grow up we find less time for parents and even someone do not want to meet time. But when you come to the end time of your life, you will ultimately feel the need and place of a child in your life. So, please keep a few minutes at least in a week for your parents and let them feel that you are their greatest pride and strength. * Death is the mother of all pleasure, if there were no option of death life would be meaningless to us-CYRUS * Mind is the workshop where you create thoughts which drive you to imagine or conceive a plan , and in real life we are just the reflection of our imaginations which we never can exceed, we are always remain equal to or less than our imagination.-CYRUS * If you have a fragile relationship with your wife and really wanna fix it or wanna sustain you marriage, then just live a month both of you separate and keep cherishing the wonderful memories you both shared together and the moments when both used to admire each other. I am sure after a month you dont have to worry about break-up.In fact it works all type of relationships. * Have you ever thought how many times a day you really compliment to your wife, fiancee or family members or even to your colleagues? If you really wanna invest for your future then start complementing to your fellows, no matter it is for how small things. In time of need it will pay you back and strengthen you courage to confront any difficulties of life. The Meaning of Life: Growth and Learning Still, I am looking for a true convincing meaning of life, perhaps our effort of finding the real meaning is the key of our living, which truly has no limit, no ending, no horizon. Sometimes, I find trying to find the purpose of life is as just as meaningless of beating the bush-so, better keep learning and enjoy the the full with lots of confidence, honor and honesty as long as possible. In the journey of life we never forget the true virtue we inherit from our ancestors-those teachings are invaluable and help us always to take our step beyond our present status as human. We, all know death is running behind us and gradually we all are falling behind the trap of time.Lets live a peaceful life from every aspect of our point of view. Thank you all:)

The Chemistry of Knowledge Essay -- Philosophy Knowledge Knowing Plato

The Chemistry of Knowledge Hippeas thought he had all the answers. â€Å"I have never found any man who was my superior in anything,† he boasted. Then he meets Socrates. Though he had made thousands of public speeches about virtue, a dialogue with the wisest of Athenians leads Hippeas to confess that he â€Å"cannot even say what [virtue] is† (Hippeas 70). Lesser Hippeas discredits Hippeas but offers little more than a negative definition of knowledge. Meno, Phaedo, and the Republic provide a more comprehensive discussion of the definition, the good and the teaching of knowledge. The following pages will explore Plato’s theory of knowledge and will conclude with an examination of organic chemistry at Swarthmore College. According to Plato, knowledge requires the reasoned understanding of essences. To know the qualities something possesses, one must grasp â€Å"what something is† (Meno 60). Knowledge entails an active understanding capable of weathering the rigors of a probing discussion. In Lesser Hippeas, Socrates uncovers the knowledge deficit underlying Hippeas’ opinions and skills. Plato makes a clear distinction between Hippeas’ mastery of facts and the possession of true knowledge: â€Å"I certainly do not think I am guessing that right opinion is a different thing from knowledge† (90). Facts and opinions require little more than memorization and regurgitation. Acquiring knowledge, on the other hand, can only be done â€Å"with an effort† (Republic 776). Plato’s Cave analogy in the Republic likens the path to knowledge to the transition from a dark cave to a sunny hilltop. Plato allegorizes the â€Å"ascent of the soul† (776) from a world of shadows, reflections and half-truths into the â€Å"world of knowledge† (776). Plato maintains that cave dw... ...nt of the reason why† (90). Only knowledge boasts longevity. For me, perhaps the most disconcerting thing about organic chemistry is the rapidity with which my memory of it has faded. Some three months removed from a final exam, I recall virtually nothing. So why don’t we get knowledge, if it would serve us so much better than limited-warranty opinions? Thinking takes time. And there are only fifteen weeks to a semester. Professors need empirical measurements of student progress in finite periods of time, even when it is clear that cursory thought emasculates knowledge. After all, â€Å"All late papers will be penalized" Professor Richard Schuldenfrei Works Cited Plato. Five Dialogues : Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo. Trans G. M. A. Grube. Hackett Publishing Company, 2002. Plato. The Dialogues of Plato. Trans. B. Jowett. New York: Random House.

Insider trading :: essays research papers

Insider trading has been a commonly discussed topic since Martha Stewart was accused, tried, convicted, and served a prison term for her involvement with the Inclon trading scandal. However, the definition of the term â€Å"insider trading† is not necessarily always connected with illegal activity. As a matter of fact, in some jurisdictions, â€Å"insider trading is no crime. Traditionally, it has been an expected, and perfectly acceptable prerequisite of certain sorts of employment.†(Insider Trading). But since the latter part of the 1960’s, stricter enforcement of insider trading practices have been put into place because of financial scandals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First to be discussed is a concrete definition of â€Å"insider trading† as it is discussed in this essay. According to the â€Å"European Communities 1989 Insider Dealing Directive: insider trading is the dealing on the basis of materials unpublished, price-sensitive information possessed as a result of one’s employment.(Insider Trading)†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ivan Boesky pleaded guilty to the biggest insider-trading scheme discovered by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). He made 200 million dollars by profiting from stock-price volatility on corporate mergers. What he actually did was cheat by using illegally obtained secret information about impending mergers to buy and sell stock before mergers became public knowledge/ Although insider trading is nothing new, the SEC knows it has become a threat to the public’s confidence, and they must enforce regulations to stop criminal activity. The SEC has put pressure on managers to regulate information leaks, promising strict legal enforcement if a business fails to police misuse of privileged employee information.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his plea bargaining, Ivan Boesky agreed to pay one-hundred million dollars in fines and to fully cooperate with the SEC members in other investigations of insider trading cases. His cooperation has also led to major charges against Kidder Peabody, Martin Siegel, and other financiers. Without Boeskey’s help, catching other insider-trading criminals would have been almost impossible. Ivan Boesky even wrote a book about his involvement in the world of insider trading; he called it Merger Mania.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This case illustrated that there were real consequences to white collar crime. In addition to paying the fifty million dollar fine, he relinquished another fifty million dollars of his illegal trading profits. (He still had millions remaining, however, from his illegal gains.) His actual prison sentence was three years, yet he served only twenty-two months in the federal prison at Lompoc, California, which was known to have a â€Å"country-club† atmosphere.

Oxidation of Cyclohexanol to Cyclohexanone :: essays research papers fc

Oxidation of Cyclohexanol to Cyclohexanone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The oxidation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone involves the removal of hydrogen from the OH group. After separation and purification, an Infrared Spectrum will be run to determine the composition of the recovered material.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Infrared Spectroscopy is a very powerful technique used in the determination of molecular structure and the identification of unknown organic materials. The infrared spectrum yields direct information about the presence or absence of key functional groups. â€Å"The region of the infrared spectrum which is of greatest interest to organic chemists is the wavelength range 2.5 to 15 micrometers which correspond to approximately 4000 to 600cm-1†(Young). â€Å"When atoms or molecules absorb light, the incoming energy excites a quantized structure to a higher energy level. The type of excitation depends on the wavelength of the light. Electrons are promoted to higher orbirtals by ultraviolet or visible light, vibrations are excited by infrared light, and rotations are excited by microwaves† (Tissue).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IR spectroscopy is the measurement of the wavelength and intensity of the absorption of infrared light by a sample. The wavelength of IR absorption bands are characteristic of specific types of chemical bonds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An IR spectrophotometer is an instrument which is designed to obtain an infrared spectra of a molecule. An IR spectra is obtained by first irradiating a sample with an IR source of light. The light passes through the sample, which can be in solution or contained within a salt plate, and then onto an IR light detector. The spectrum is analyzed by examining at which frequency the peaks occur. Different peak frequencies indicate different types of vibrational motion and hence, different types of chemical bonds. The peak intensities are usually noted as percent transmittance which compares the amount of light absorbed compared to the amount of IR light that was not absorbed. The frequencies are normally listed in wave numbers (in units of reciprocal centimeters). Experiment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The oxidation of cyclohexanol by dichromate occurred in the presence of sulfuric acid which yielded cyclohexanone according to the balanced redox reaction below: 3 + Cr2O7-2 + 8H+ -- 3 + 2Cr+3 + 7H2O In the presence of excess dichromate, cyclohexanol oxidizes to adipic acid. To maximize yield, the following reaction was prevented: 3 + 4Cr2O7-2 + 32H+ -- 3HOOC(CH2)4COOH + 8Cr+3 + 19H2O The addition of methanol reduced the excess dichromate according to the balanced redox reaction below: CH3OH + Cr2O7-2 + 8H+ -- CO2 + 2Cr+3 + 6H2O Recovery of the ketone was by steam distillation; collecting all

Holmes v South Carolina Essay

Facts: Holmes was charged with first degree murder, first degree burglary and robbery in connection with an incident involving an 86 year old woman, Mary Stewart. Holmes was also charged for the rape and murder of Stewart. At the trial court, Holmes was convicted by the South Carolina Supreme Court. The United States Supreme Court denied certiorari. The petitioner had appealed and the court granted a new trail. During the new trial the prosecution introduced new forensic evidence including palm prints and blood that was found at the scene of the crime. At the new trial, the petitioner also sought to introduce proof of another man named Jimmy McCaw White. The court excluded the third party evidence of guilt because the grounds of the evidence were not admissible. The evidenced only implicated that the third party and did not exclude the defendant. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari Issue: Is evidence of a third party’s guilt admissible if it only implicates the third party and does not exculpate the defendant? Rule and Rationale: Yes. Under the Constitution of the United States, a defendant in a criminal case has to be given the opportunity to present a complete defense. The defendant also has the right and opportunity to present evidence of innocence, and only the evidence of guilt of a third party. Excluding evidence and only hearing the prosecutions evidence in the case did not give the court the right to make a conclusion based on the evidence at hand. The evidence against the prosecution supported that the defendant was guilty but did not automatically exclude the evidence of the third party as weak. Holmes was entitled to introduce the evidence of Whites guilt. The exclusion of that evidence violated Holmes’s right to have the opportunity to present a complete defense. Standard Relied On: State v. Gay, 541 S.E.2d 541, 545 (S.C. 2001). The case gave clear meaning by bringing to light that the strength of one party’s evidence has no logical conclusion that can be reached regarding the strength of the contrary evidence from the other side to cast doubt. The rule from Gay was arbitrary and violated a criminal defendant’s right to have a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense Case Significance: The case clarified the Constitutional validity of rules of admission for third party guilt evidence. Just because the evidence against the prosecution supported the defendant’s guilt, this did not automatically exclude the third party’s evidence. Additionally, no logical conclusions can be made based on contrary evidence that cast doubt on the defendant.